Apoptosis Inducer

GSK-3484862 is a highly potent non-covalent inhibitor and demethylating agent of DNMT1. GSK-3484862 induces genome-wide DNA demethylation, including the regulatory elements of DNMT3B and the promoter region of TERT, and significantly inhibits cell viability, growth, proliferation and self-renewal. GSK-3484862 blocks the transformation of young AT2 cells, induces apoptosis, and generates transcriptomic features similar to those of senescent cells. GSK-3484862 is widely used in studies related to lung cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma.

Busulfan is a potent alkylating antineoplastic agent. Busulfan causes DNA damage by cross-linking DNAs and DNA and proteins. Busulfan inhibits thioredoxin reductase. Busulfan induces apoptosis. Busulfan is an immunosuppressive and myeloablative chemotherapeutic agent.

Zoledronic Acid (Zoledronate) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), with potent anti-resorptive activity. Zoledronic Acid inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. Zoledronic Acid also has anti-cancer effects.

Sodium oleate (Oleic acid sodium) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid sodium. Sodium oleate is a Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activator.

Troglitazone is an orally active PPARγ agonist, with EC₅₀s of 550 nM and 780 nM for human and murine PPARγ receptor, respectively. Troglitazone has anticancer activity, prevents and inhibits the development of type 2 diabetes.

Dinaciclib (SCH 727965) is a potent inhibitor of CDK, with IC₅₀s of 1 nM, 1 nM, 3 nM, and 4 nM for CDK2, CDK5, CDK1, and CDK9, respectively.

Mitoxantrone is a potent topoisomerase II inhibitor. Mitoxantrone also inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) activity with an IC₅₀ of 8.5 μM. Mitoxantrone induces apoptosis of B-CLL (B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) cells. Mitoxantrone shows antitumor activity. Mitoxantrone also has anti-orthopoxvirus activity with EC₅₀s of 0.25 μM and and 0.8 μM for cowpox and monkeypox, respectively.

TPEN (TPEDA) is a specific cell-permeable heavy metal chelator. TPEN has a higher affinity for Zn²⁺, but a lower affinity for Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. TPEN induces DNA damage and increases intracellular ROS production. TPEN also inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.

Aphidicolin is an inhibitor of DNA polymerase α and δ, prevents mitotic cell division by interfering DNA polymerase activity. Aphidicolin is an antibiotic produced by mold Cephalosporium aphidicola, inhibits cellular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and the growth of herpes simplex virus. Aphidicolin exhibits anti-orthopoxvirus activity and potentiates apoptosis induced by arabinosyl nucleosides in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line.

AZD-8055 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 0.8 nM. AZD-8055 inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2.

Deferiprone is a potent, orally active, brain-penetrant, cell-penetrant, skin-permeable, free iron chelating agent. Deferiprone inhibits the proliferation and migration, and stimulates apoptosis in tumor cell. Deferiprone can inhibit KDM. Deferiprone has antianemic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidotal activity. Deferiprone can be used in cancer, cardiovascular disease, infection, inflammation, and neurological disease study.

Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is a potent, selective calcium ionophore and an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces conglobatus. Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is highly specific for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba). Ionomycin (SQ23377) promotes apoptosis. Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) also induces the activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

Zinc Protoporphyrin (Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX) is an orally active and competitive heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor. Zinc Protoporphyrin regulates expression of HO-1 at the transcriptional level. The effect of Zinc Protoporphyrin on HO-1 expression is controversial.  It was shown to induce HO-1 expression in some cells, but suppress it in others. Zinc Protoporphyrin is used as a screening marker of iron deficiency in vivo. Zinc Protoporphyrin has anti-cancer activity.

T0901317 is an orally active and highly selective LXR agonist with an EC₅₀ of 20 nM for LXRα. T0901317 activates FXR with an EC₅₀ of 5 μM. T0901317 is RORα and RORγ dual inverse agonist with K_i values of 132 nM and 51 nM, respectively. T0901317 induces apoptosis and inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient mice.

TBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) is a widely used Nrf2 activator, protects against Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity through activation of Nrf2. TBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) is also an ERK activator; rescues Dehydrocorydaline (DHC)-induced cell proliferation inhibitionin melanoma.

Inavolisib (GDC-0077) is a potent, orally active, and selective PI3Kα inhibitor (IC₅₀=0.038 nM). Inavolisib exerts its activity by binding to the ATP binding site of PI3K, thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of PIP2 to PIP3. Inavolisib is more selective for mutant versus wild-type PI3Kα. Inavolisib can be used for the study of breast cancer.

IACS-010759 is an orally active, potent mitochondrial complex I of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor. IACS-010759 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in models of brain cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reliant on OXPHOS. IACS-010759 has the potential for relapsed/refractory AML and solid tumors research.

Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) is a broad spectrum and competitive inhibitor of CDKs, inhibiting CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 with IC₅₀s of 30, 170, 100 nM, respectively.

Capsazepine is a synthetic analogue of the sensory neurone excitotoxin, and an antagonist of TRPV1 receptor with an IC₅₀ of 562 nM.

Okadaic acid, a marine toxin, is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP). Okadaic acid has a significantly higher affinity for PP2A (IC₅₀=0.1-0.3 nM), and inhibits PP1 (IC₅₀=15-50 nM), PP3 (IC₅₀=3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC₅₀=0.1 nM), PP5 (IC₅₀=3.5 nM), but does not inhibit PP2C. Okadaic acid increases of phosphorylation of a number of proteins by inhibiting PP, and acts a tumor promoter. Okadaic acid induces tau phosphorylation.