DNA Polymerases
DNA polymerases maintain genome integrity by synthesizing DNA during replication, repair, recombination, translesion synthesis, and checkpoint-associated processes[1]. In eukaryotic DNA replication, Pol α initiates synthesis with RNA/DNA primers, while Pol δ and Pol ε extend DNA from primer ends[2]. Mechanistically, evidence supports Pol ε as the primary leading-strand replicase and Pol δ as the main lagging-strand replicase at the eukaryotic replication fork[3]. In DNA repair, base excision repair (BER) corrects oxidative, deamination, and alkylation damage, then uses polymerase-dependent repair synthesis and ligation to restore DNA continuity[4]. Compared with replicative isoforms, Pol β functions as a BER enzyme whose polymerase and dRP lyase activities coordinate gap filling and sugar-phosphate removal[5]. In mitochondria, Pol γ differs from nuclear polymerases because it is the only known human mitochondrial DNA polymerase and is essential for mitochondrial DNA replication and repair[6]. In damage-tolerance models, Pol η differs from high-fidelity replicative polymerases by enabling bypass of UV-induced thymine dimers, and POLH defects define xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells[7]. For experimental applications, aphidicolin inhibits B-family DNA polymerases and provides a tool for probing replication-dependent DNA synthesis[8].
References:
- [1]. Hubscher U, et al. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Annu Rev Biochem. 2002;71:133-63. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Chilkova O, et al. The eukaryotic leading and lagging strand DNA polymerases are loaded onto primer-ends via separate mechanisms but have comparable processivity in the presence of PCNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(19):6588-97. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Miyabe I, et al. The major roles of DNA polymerases epsilon and delta at the eukaryotic replication fork are evolutionarily conserved. PLoS Genet. 2011 Dec;7(12):e1002407. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Krokan HE, et al. Base excision repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013 Apr 1;5(4):a012583. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Kumar A, et al. Interlocking activities of DNA polymerase β in the base excision repair pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Mar 8;119(10):e2118940119. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Vanselow C, et al. Genetic analysis of the Photosystem I subunits from the red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Jan;1787(1):46-59. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Masutani C, et al. The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta. Nature. 1999 Jun 17;399(6737):700-4. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Baranovskiy AG, et al. Structural basis for inhibition of DNA replication by aphidicolin. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Dec 16;42(22):14013-21. [Content Brief]
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DNA Polymerases Related Products (158)
Related Products (158)
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Valomaciclovir
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-167708CAS No.: 195157-34-7Valomaciclovir is a DNA polymerase inhibitor, potentially used for the treatment of acute herpes zoster and Epstein-Barr virus infection.
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Cytarabine 5’-monophosphate
0 ImagesCytarabine 5′-monophosphate is a metabolite of the nucleoside analog Cytarabine (HY-13605), catalyzed by deoxycytidine kinase. Cytarabine 5′-monophosphate is incorporated into DNA by DNA polymerase α, which reduces the rate of DNA synthesis. At a concentration of 15 mM, Cytarabine 5′-monophosphate inhibits nuclear and mitochondrial DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). Additionally, Cytarabine 5′-monophosphate (3.5-75.1 mg/kg) improves survival in leukemia mice (L1210 mice). Cytarabine 5′-monophosphate can be used in cancer research.
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Eprociclovir sodium
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-16740BCAS No.: 219657-36-0Synonyms: A-5021 sodiumEprociclovir sodium is an antiviral drug with nucleoside analogues. The triphosphate form of Eprociclovir sodium is converted into the active form within virus-infected cells by the virus and possible cellular enzymes, including the viral thymidine kinase, thereby inhibiting the activity of the viral DNA polymerase. The primary activity of Eprociclovir sodium is against herpes viruses, including but not limited to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Eprociclovir sodium can be used in studies interfered with by sensitive viruses.
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α-Rubromycin
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-119787CAS No.: 27267-69-2Synonyms: Collinomycinα-Rubromycin (Collinomycin) is an antibiotic isolated from the mycelia of Streptomyces collinus. α-Rubromycin also acts as a DNA polymerase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.91 μM against bovine mammalian DNA polymerase. α-Rubromycin binds to the active region of DNA polymerase β, competes with nucleotide substrates for binding, and interferes with template-DNA interactions. α-Rubromycin inhibits the activities of telomerase, retroviral reverse transcriptase and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, as well as the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. α-Rubromycin can be used in studies related to bacterial infections.
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Gemcitabine triphosphate
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-17026ACAS No.: 110988-86-8Synonyms: dFdCTPGemcitabine triphosphate (dFdCTP) is the active metabolite of Gemcitabine (HY-17026). The mechanism of Gemcitabine triphosphate cell-killing is its competition with cytidine triphosphate during DNA replication, which results in the inhibition of chain elongation. Gemcitabine triphosphate shows a Ki of 11.2 μM against DNA polymerase α and 14.4 μM against DNA polymerase ε. Gemcitabine triphosphate partially inhibits dCMP deaminase and acts as a substrate for DNA synthesis to incorporate into cellular DNA and RNA. Gemcitabine triphosphate disrupts DNA and RNA synthesis, arrests cell cycle in G0/G1 and S phases, triggers apoptosis, reduces tumor cell proliferation. Gemcitabine triphosphate can be used for the research of pancreatic cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.
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DNA polymerase-IN-2
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-155092CAS No.: 2953023-80-6DNA polymerase-IN-2 (Compd 3c), a coumarin derivative, exhibits inhibitory activity against Taq DNA polymerase with IC50 of 48.25 μM , which can be used in value-added disease research.
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HIV-1 inhibitor-30
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-146365CAS No.: 2132412-77-0HIV-1 inhibitor-30 (compound 10i) is a potent HIV-1 inhibitor with an EC50 value of 40 nM and an IC50 value of 80 nM for HIV-1 RT DNA polymerase. HIV-1 inhibitor-30 has highly antiretroviral activity against seven non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant HIV-1 strains (RT-K103N; RT-Y181C; RT-K103N,Y181C; RT-L100I,K103N; RT-Y188L; RT-K103N,G190A; RT-K103N,V108I) with IC50s of 0.04~1.42 μM. HIV-1 inhibitor-30 can be used for researching AIDS.
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DNA polymerase-IN-1
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-W560689CAS No.: 809234-33-1DNA polymerase-IN-1 (compound 2d) is a DNA polymerase inhibitor (IC50=20.7 μM) with antiproliferative activity against tumor cells.
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HO 221
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-106787CAS No.: 105128-93-6HO 221 is an orally active benzoylphenylurea derivative with antitumor activity. HO 221 can inhibit the activity of mammalian DNA polymerase alpha. HO 221 can induce G1 phase arrest. HO 221 can be used for the research of cancer, such as leukemia.
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Procaspase-IN-5
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-110139CAS No.: 1489285-17-7Procaspase-IN-5 is a human DNA polymerase λ inhibitor. Procaspase-IN-5 has DNA polymerization function and TdT function with an IC50 value of 5.9 μM and 4.5 μM, respectively. Procaspase-IN-5 can be used for the research of cancer.
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DNA Polymerase Alpha, Human
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-E71047DNA Polymerase Alpha, Human (EC 2.7.7.7) is an enzyme complex found in eukaryotes that is involved in initiation of DNA replication. The DNA polymerase alpha complex consists of 4 subunits: POLA1, POLA2, PRIM1, and PRIM2.
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Lucidenic lactone
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N13712CAS No.: 250643-34-6Lucidenic lactone is a terpene compound, is a DNA polymerase inhibitor. Lucidenic lactone inhibits calf DNA polymerase-α, rat DNA polymerase-β, and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with IC50 values of 42 μM, 99 μM, and 69 μM, respectively.
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PMEG-DP disodium
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-164018APMEG-DP disodium is a potent DNA polymerase inhibitor (IC50=2.5 μM), especially for DNA polymerase α and δ. PMEG-DP disodium acts as an active metabolite of G-9191, which effectively inhibits the growth of papillomavirus (HPV) -infected cell lines. PMEG-DP disodium can be used in the study of HPV-related diseases.
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ART6043
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-153755CAS No.: 2923356-52-7Synonyms: Polθ-IN-7ART6043 (Polθ-IN-7) is an orally active, selective allosteric DNA polymerase θ (Polθ) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.3 nM. ART6043 blocks microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) by inhibiting the polymerase function of Polθ. ART6043 suppresses the survival of homologous recombination-deficient (HRD) cells and enhances the antitumor effects of PARP inhibitors. ART6043 can be used in studies of HRD tumors, including BRCA1-mutant triple-negative breast cancer, BRCA2-deficient colorectal cancer, RAD51C-deficient gastric cancer, and others.
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Aphidicolin 17-acetate
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N7821CAS No.: 51103-57-2Synonyms: Aphidicolin 17-monoacetateAphidicolin 17-acetate is a selective eukaryotic DNA polymerase α inhibitor. Aphidicolin 17-acetate does not inhibit DNA polymerase β and γ. Aphidicolin 17-acetate markedly inhibits the in vivo DNA synthesis of sea urchin embryos and HeLa cells but not RNA and protein syntheses.
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2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate-15N5,d14 (dilithium)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-136648S2Synonyms: dATP-15N5,d14 dilithium2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate-15N5,d14 (dATP-15N5,d14) dilithium is deuterium and 15N labeled 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (HY-136648). 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (dATP) is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
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Miboplatin
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-W583012CAS No.: 103775-75-3Synonyms: DWA-2114RMiboplatin (DWA-2114R), a platinum compound, is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. Miboplatin reduces its template activity for prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA polymerases.
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Taq DNA Polymerase, Glycerol-free
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-E70086ACAS No.: 2304873-37-6Taq DNA Polymerase, Glycerol-free is a thermostable DNA polymerase that can be used in PCR.
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ddCTP trilithium
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-137697BCAS No.: 93939-77-6ddCTP trilithium is a type of chain-terminating deoxynucleotide. ddCTP trilithium can be incorporated into the extension primer chain that lacks the 3'-hydroxyl group, thereby terminating primer extension, viral genome replication, and DNA synthesis. ddCTP trilithium can distinguish almost identical RNA through distinguishable extension products in primer extension inhibition experiments. ddCTP trilithium is the active metabolite of Zalcitabine (HY-17392), which can competitively inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase, terminate the synthesis of viral DNA chains, and thereby inhibit HIV replication.
