D₂ Receptor Antagonist

Ziprasidone (CP-88059) hydrochloride is an orally active combined 5-HT and dopamine receptor antagonist. Ziprasidone hydrochloride has affinities for Rat D₂ (K_i=4.8 nM), 5-HT_2A (K_i=0.42 nM) and 5-HT_1A (K_i=3.4 nM).

Ocaperidone is an effective antipsychotic agent, acting as a potent 5-HT₂ and dopamine D₂ antagonist, and a 5-HT_1A agonist, with K_is of 0.14 nM, 0.46 nM, 0.75 nM, 1.6 nM and 5.4 nM for 5-HT₂, a₁-adrenergic receptor, dopamine D₂, histamine H₁ and a₂-adrenergic receptor, respectively, and a pEC₅₀ and pK_i of 7.60 and 8.08 for h5-HT_1A.

Ecopipam (SCH 39166) is a potent, selective and orally active antagonist of dopamine D1/D5 receptor, with K_is of 1.2 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. Ecopipam shows more than 40-flod selectivity over D2, D4, 5-HT, and α2a receptor (K_i=0.98, 5.52, 0.08, and 0.73 μM, respectively). Ecopipam can be used for the research of schizophrenia and obesity.

Zuclopenthixol ((Z)-Clopenthixol) is a thioxanthene derivative which acts as a mixed dopamine D1/D2 receptor antagonist.

Propionylpromazine hydrochloride (Propiopromazine hydrochloride), a dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) antagonist, can be used in the research of Parkinson disease.

Desmethyl cariprazine is a major active metabolite of cariprazine, with activities at human dopamine receptors and serotonin receptors, showing a pEC₅₀ of 8.90 at human D2 receptors, a pEC₅₀ of 8.09 at D3 receptors, and a pEC₅₀ of 6.28 at 5-HT_1A receptors. Desmethyl cariprazine inhibits forskolin-induced cAMP production at D2, D3 and 5-HT_1A receptors, and suppresses serotonin-induced Ca²⁺ release at 5-HT_2B receptors. Desmethyl cariprazine is applicable to research related to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder type I and bipolar disorder.

Metopimazine (EXP999; RP9965) is a phenothiazine, orally available, selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Metopimazine blocks dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and the periphery, thereby inhibiting nausea and vomiting. Metopimazine is indicated for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and has low central side effects due to its poor brain penetration. The use of metopimazine in acute gastroenteritis may have potential risks.

Pipamperone (Floropipamide) is a butyrophenone derivative and high-affinity antagonist of 5-HT_2A receptor (pK_i=8.2) and D₄ receptor (pK_i=8.0). Pipamperone is also a low-affinity antagonist of D₂ receptor (pK_i=6.7). Pipamperone affects neurotransmitter functions and exerts antipsychotic activity. Pipamperone is used in the research of mental disorders such as autism-related behavioral disorders and Alzheimer's disease.

Halopemide is a potent phospholipase D (PLD) inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 220 and 310 nM for human PLD1 and PLD2, respectively. Halopemid is a dopamine receptors antagonist, and acts a psychotropic agent.

Nemonapride is a highly potent dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist with a K_i of 0.06 nM. Nemonapride also activates 5-HT_1A receptor with an IC₅₀ of 34 nM. Nemonapride is an antipsychotic that readily passes through the blood brain barrier and exhibits potent neuroleptic effects in animals.

Thiethylperazine dimaleate, a phenothiazine derivate, is an orally active and potent dopamine D2-receptor and histamine H1-receptor antagonist. Thiethylperazine dimaleate is also a selective ABCC1activator that reduces amyloid-β (Aβ) load in mice. Thiethylperazine dimaleate has anti-emetic, antipsychotic and antimicrobial effects.

Melperone is a butyrophenone with atypical antipsychotic properties. Melperone is a multireceptor antagonist with K_ds of 102 nM, 180 nM, 180 nM, and 150 nM for 5-HT2A, dopamine D2, α1-adrenergic, and α2-adrenergic receptors, respectively. Melperone has weak binding to histamine H1, 5-HT2C, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D, and muscarinic receptors, with K_d values ​​of 580 nM, 2100 nM, 2200 nM, 3400 nM, >10000 nM, respectively. Melperone is also a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Melperone can be used for the study of schizophrenia, and agitation in the elderly.

Sonepiprazole (PNU-101387G) is a selective D4 dopamine antagonist with K_is of 3.6, 10.1, 5147, and 7430 nM for rD4-Dopamine, hD4.2-Dopamine, rD2-Dopamine, and Histamine-H1 receptors, respectively.

Clozapine hydrochloride (HF 1854 hydrochloride) is an antipsychotic used for the research of schizophrenia. Clozapine hydrochloride has high affinity for a number of neuroreceptors. Clozapine hydrochloride is a potent antagonist of dopamine D2 with a K_i of 75 nM. Clozapine hydrochloride inhibits the muscarinic M1 receptor and serotonin 5HT2A receptor with K_is of 9.5 nM and 4 nM, respectively. Clozapine hydrochloride is also a potent and selective agonist at the muscarinic M4 receptor (EC₅₀=11 nM).

PD 168568 dihydrochloride is a orally active and potent dopamine receptor D₄ (DRD₄) antagonist. PD 168568 dihydrochloride contains an isoindolinone and is selective for the D₄ receptor versus D₂ and D₃, with K_i values of 8.8, 1842, and 2682 nM, respectively. PD 168568 dihydrochloride can be used for glioblastoma (GBM) research.

L 741742 is a highly selective and brain-penetrant D4 dopamine receptor antagonist, with K_i values of 3.5 nM, 770 nM and >1700 nM for human D4, D3 and D2 receptors, respectively. L 741742 suppresses PDGFRβ, ERK1/2, and mTOR signaling pathways, and impairs autophagic flux while disrupting lysosomal function.L 741742 induces G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, promotes neuronal differentiation of normal human neural stem cells, selectively inhibits growth and clonogenic potential of glioblastoma neural stem cells and primary glioblastoma tumor cells, exerts synergistic effects with Temozolomide (TMZ) (HY-17364) against glioblastoma neural stem cells in vitro, and inhibits glioblastoma neural stem cell xenograft growth in immunocompromised mice. L 741742 can be used for the research of schizophrenia and glioblastoma.

Bromopride is a selective, irreversible, competitive, and orally effective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. Bromopride can pass through the blood-brain barrier, inhibit the vomiting center, and enhance gastrointestinal motility, exerting antiemetic and gastrointestinal motility effects. Bromopride antagonizes dopamine-mediated vomiting reflexes and promotes gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction, and has no adverse effects on abdominal wall healing in rats with postoperative abdominal infection. Bromopride can be used for the study of digestive system diseases (such as gastric hypomotility, nausea and vomiting).

Aramisulpride (R-(+)-Amisulpride) is the R-isomer of Amisulpride (HY-14545). Aramisulpride is a 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist with a K_i value of 22 nM. Aramisulpride is a D₂/D₃ receptor antagonist with a K_i value of 140 nM for D₂R and a K_i value of 13.9 nM for D₃R. Aramisulpride can be used in psychiatric research.

Adoprazine (SLV313) is a full 5-HT_1A receptor agonist with a pEC₅₀ of 9 at cloned h5-HT_1A receptors. Adoprazine (SLV313) is a full D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist with pA₂s of 9.3 and 8.9 at hD₂ and hD₃ receptors, respectively. Adoprazine (SLV313) has the characteristics of atypical antipsychotics.

Perospirone hydrochloride (SM-9018) is an orally active antagonist of 5-HT_2A receptor (K_i of 0.6 nM) and dopamine D₂ receptor (K_i of 1.4 nM). Perospirone hydrochloride is also a partial agonist of 5-HT_1A receptor (K_i of 2.9 nM). Perospirone hydrochloride is an atypical antipsychotic agent and has the potential for schizophrenic disease research.