2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Cell Cycle/DNA Damage
    Epigenetics
  4. HDAC

HDAC

Histone deacetylases

HDAC

Related Products

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HDAC (Histone deacetylases) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on ahistone, allowing the histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. This is important because DNA is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. Its action is opposite to that of histone acetyltransferase. HDAC proteins are now also called lysine deacetylases (KDAC), to describe their function rather than their target, which also includes non-histone proteins. Together with the acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases and the acetoin utilization proteins, the histone deacetylases form an ancient protein superfamily known as the histone deacetylase superfamily.

HDAC Isoform Specific Products:

HDAC Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-130493
    HPB
    		Inhibitor 99.11%
    HPB (HDAC6 inhibitor HPB) is a selective HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 31 nM. HPB exhibits >30-flod selectivity for HDAC6 over HDAC1.
    HPB
  • HY-P2462
    Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
    		99.86%
    Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC is a substrate for HDAC.
    Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys(Ac)-AMC
  • HY-W019710
    (E,E)-RGFP966
    		Inhibitor 99.44%
    (E,E)-RGFP966 is a selective and CNS permeable HDAC3 inhibitor that can be used for the research of Huntington’s disease.
    (E,E)-RGFP966
  • HY-10585S2
    Valproic acid-d15
    		Inhibitor 99.80%
    Valproic acid-d15 is the deuterium labeled Valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA; 2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches.
    Valproic acid-d<sub>15</sub>
  • HY-N2150
    Psammaplin A
    		Inhibitor
    Psammaplin A is a marine metabolite. Psammaplin A is a selective HDAC1 (IC50: 45 nM), DNA methyltransferases (IC50: 18.6 nM) and aminopeptidase N (APN) (IC50: 18 μM) inhibitor. Psammaplin A also inhibits DNA topoisomerase and farnesyl protein transferase. Psammaplin A is a PPARγ activator and induces apoptosis. Psammaplin A has antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Psammaplin A has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and inhibits DNA synthesis and DNA gyrase activity. Psammaplin A inhibits angiogenesis.
    Psammaplin A
  • HY-172762
    S234984
    		99.46%
    S234984 is a molecular glue degrader. S234984 forms a stable ternary complex with wild-type KBTBD4 E3 ligase and HDAC2 to drive neomorphic ubiquitination and degradation of CoREST1 and LSD1. S234984 can be used for the research of medulloblastoma.
    S234984
  • HY-102033
    Oxamflatin
    		Inhibitor 99.10%
    Oxamflatin (Metacept-3) is a potent HDAC inhibitor with an IC50 of 15.7 nM. Oxamflatin is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Oxamflatin
  • HY-146346
    HD-TAC7
    		Inhibitor 98.53%
    HD-TAC7 is a potent PROTAC HDAC degrader with IC50 values of 3.6 μM, 4.2 μM and 1.1 μM for HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3, respectively. HD-TAC7 can decreases NF-κB p65 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. HD-TAC7 can be used for the research of inflammatory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
    HD-TAC7
  • HY-171140
    PROTAC HDAC6 degrader 3
    		Degrader 99.81%
    PROTAC HDAC6 degrader 3 (Compound 4) is a selective inhibitor and degrader for HDAC6 with an IC50 of 686 nM and a DC50 of 171 nM. PROTAC HDAC6 degrader 3 promotes the acetylation of α-tubulin. (Pink: ligand for target protein (HY-171141); Blue: ligand for E3 ligase VHL (HY-150803))
    PROTAC HDAC6 degrader 3
  • HY-161149
    CM-1758
    		Inhibitor 98.44%
    CM-1758 is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. CM-1758 inhibits tumor growth in vivo. CM-1758 induces acetylation of non-histone proteins in acute myeloid leukemia cells.
    CM-1758
  • HY-135714
    Bavarostat
    		Inhibitor 99.51%
    Bavarostat (EKZ-001) is a blood-brain barrier-permeable, potent HDAC6 inhibitor and PET radiotracer, with an IC50 as low as 17 nM against human HDAC6. Bavarostat can be labeled with 18F and used as a probe to map HDAC6 distribution and measure target occupancy in the brains of non-human primates. Bavarostat also selectively modulates tubulin acetylation, but not histone acetylation. Bavarostat is applicable for research on Alzheimer's disease, other neurodegenerative disorders, and cancers.
    Bavarostat
  • HY-100365
    Remetinostat
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Remetinostat (SHP-141) is a hydroxamic acid-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Remetinostat alleviates Imiquimod (HY-B0180)-induced psoriatic dermatitis. Remetinostat can be used for study of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
    Remetinostat
  • HY-135890
    CG347B
    		Inhibitor 98.07%
    CG347B is a selective HDAC6 inhibitor, also involves in synthesis of other metalloenzyme inhibitors. HDAC6 inhibitors can be used for oncology, immunology, and neurology research.
    CG347B
  • HY-124295
    Imofinostat
    		Inhibitor 99.40%
    Imofinostat (ABT-301; MPT0E028) is an orally active and selective HDAC inhibitor with IC50s of 53.0 nM, 106.2 nM, 29.5 nM for HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC6, respectively. Imofinostat has a weak inhibitory effect on HDAC8 (IC50 of 2.5 ​​μM), but no inhibitory effect on HDAC4 (IC50>10 μM). Imofinostat reduces the viability of B-cell lymphomas by inducing apoptosis and possesses potent direct Akt targeting ability and reduces Akt phosphorylation in B-cell lymphoma. Imofinostat has a broad-spectrum antitumor activity, including colorectal cancer, B-cell lymphoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), and pancreatic cancer, while also showing therapeutic potential in non-tumor diseases like emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis.
    Imofinostat
  • HY-B0809A
    Theophylline monohydrate
    		Activator 99.93%
    Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research.
    Theophylline monohydrate
  • HY-N4315
    Pomiferin
    		Inhibitor 98.01%
    Pomiferin (NSC 5113) acts as an potential inhibitor of HDAC, with an IC50 of 1.05 μM, and also potently inhibits mTOR (IC50, 6.2 µM).
    Pomiferin
  • HY-149285
    NT160
    		Inhibitor 99.58%
    NT160 is a highly potent class-IIa HDAC inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.046 μM. NT160 can be used for the research of central nervous system diseases.
    NT160
  • HY-N6017
    Bakkenolide A
    		Inhibitor 99.99%
    Bakkenolide A is an anticancer agent. Bakkenolide A reduces the viability of leukemia cells, inhibits cell colony formation and invasion, and downregulates the expression of HDAC3 in cells. Bakkenolide A downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, interleukins such as IL-1β, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ, as well as the expression of PI3K, PDK and PKC in leukemia cells. Bakkenolide A downregulates activated Akt, GSK and Bad, while upregulates Cyto-c, cleaved Caspase3 and cleaved Caspase7, induces apoptosis (apoptosis) in leukemia cells and thereby inhibits inflammatory responses in leukemia cells. Bakkenolide A significantly slows the growth of subcutaneous leukemia tumors in nude mice. Bakkenolide A is applicable to leukemia-related research.
    Bakkenolide A
  • HY-144782A
    HDAC10-IN-2 hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    HDAC10-IN-2 hydrochloride (compound 10c) is a potent and highly selective HDAC10 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 20 nM. HDAC10-IN-2 hydrochloride modulates autophagy in aggressive FLT3-ITD positive acute myeloid leukemia cells.
    HDAC10-IN-2 hydrochloride
  • HY-158075
    DNMT/HDAC-IN-1
    		Inhibitor 99.87%
    DNMT/HDAC-IN-1 (Compund 15a) is a dual DNMT and HDAC inhibitor with IC50 values for HDAC1 and HDAC6 are 56.84 nM and 17.39 nM respectively. DNMT/HDAC-IN-1 can induce apoptosis and be used in tumor research.
    DNMT/HDAC-IN-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download HDAC Signaling Pathway Map.

TCR, GPCR and HDAC II interaction: Diverse agonists act through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to activate the PKC-PKD axis, CaMK, Rho, or MHC binding to antigens stimulates TCR to activate PKD, leading to phosphorylation of class II HDACs. Phospho-HDACs dissociate from MEF2, bind 14-3-3, and are exported to the cytoplasm through a CRM1-dependent mechanism. CRM1 is inhibited by leptomycin B (LMB). Release of MEF2 from class II HDACs allows p300 to dock on MEF2 and stimulate gene expression. Dephosphorylation of class II HDACs in the cytoplasm enables reentry into the nucleus[1].

 

TLR: TLR signaling is initiated by ligand binding to receptors. The recruitment of TLR domain-containing adaptor protein MyD88 is repressed by HDAC6, whereas NF-κB and MTA-1 can be negatively regulated by HDAC1/2/3 and HDAC2, respectively. Acetylation by HATs enhance MKP-1 which inhibits p38-mediated inflammatory responses, while HDAC1/2/3 inhibits MKP-1 activity. HDAC1 and HDAC8 repress, whereas HDAC6 promotes, IRF function in response to viral challenge. HDAC11 inhibits IL-10 expression and HDAC1 and HDAC2 represses IFNγ-dependent activation of the CIITA transcription factor, thus affecting antigen presentation[2][3].

 

IRNAR: IFN-α/β induce activation of the type I IFN receptor and then bring the receptor-associated JAKs into proximity. JAK adds phosphates to the receptor. STATs bind to the phosphates and then phosphorylated by JAKs to form a dimer, leading to nuclear translocation and gene expression. HDACs positively regulate STATs and PZLF to promote antiviral responses and IFN-induced gene expression[2][3].

 

Cell cycle: In G1 phase, HDAC, Retinoblastoma protein (RB), E2F and polypeptide (DP) form a repressor complex. HDAC acts on surrounding chromatin, causing it to adopt a closed chromatin conformation, and transcription is repressed. Prior to the G1-S transition, phosphorylation of RB by CDKs dissociates the repressor complex. Transcription factors (TFs) gain access to their binding sites and, together with the now unmasked E2F activation domain. E2F is then free to activate transcription by contacting basal factors or by contacting histone acetyltransferases, such as CBP, that can alter chromatin structure[4].

 

The function of non-histone proteins is also regulated by HATs/HDACs. p53: HDAC1 impairs the function of p53. p53 is acetylated under conditions of stress or HDAC inhibition by its cofactor CREB binding protein (CBP) and the transcription of genes involved in differentiation is activated. HSP90: HSP90 is a chaperone that complexes with other chaperones, such as p23, to maintain correct conformational folding of its client proteins. HDAC6 deacetylates HSP90. Inhibition of HDAC6 would result in hyperacetylated HSP90, which would be unable to interact with its co-chaperones and properly lead to misfolded client proteins being targeted for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system[5][6].
 

Reference:

[1]. Vega RB, et al. Protein kinases C and D mediate agonist-dependent cardiac hypertrophy through nuclear export of histone deacetylase 5.Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Oct;24(19):8374-85.
[2]. Shakespear MR, et al. Histone deacetylases as regulators of inflammation and immunity. Trends Immunol. 2011 Jul;32(7):335-43.
[3]. Suliman BA, et al. HDACi: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications in the innate immune system.Immunol Cell Biol. 2012 Jan;90(1):23-32. 
[4]. Brehm A, et al. Retinoblastoma protein meets chromatin.Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 Apr;24(4):142-5.
[5]. Butler R, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as therapeutics for polyglutamine disorders.Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Oct;7(10):784-96
[6]. Minucci S, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and the promise of epigenetic (and more) treatments for cancer.Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Jan;6(1):38-51.

HDAC Isoform Comparison

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