TMRM
Based on 18 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrial membrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- CAS No.: 115532-49-5
- Formula: C25H25N2O3
- Molecular Weight:401.48
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Storage:
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) TMRM
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2026 Mar 26;11(1):113. [Abstract]
- Autophagy. 2026 Jun 25:1-16. [Abstract]
- Autophagy. 2026 May 25. [Abstract]
- Autophagy. 2021 Nov;17(11):3592-3606. [Abstract]
- Mol Cell. 2025 Apr 3;85(7):1395-1410.e5. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Mar;10(7):e2203869. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2026 May 15:157:158305. [Abstract]
- Basic Res Cardiol. 2024 Feb;119(1):113-131. [Abstract]
- Redox Rep. 2025 Dec;30(1):2536400. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2026 Jul 15;27(14):6289. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2026 Mar 25;27(7):2967. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jul 17;24(14):11554. [Abstract]
- J Thromb Haemost. 2021 Dec;19(12):3113-3125. [Abstract]
- Cell Signal. 2024 Jan:113:110969. [Abstract]
- Aquaculture. 5 October 2022, 738900.
- Endocrinology. 2020 Sep 1;161(9):bqaa119. [Abstract]
- Toxicon. 2022 Sep:216:28-36. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022 Sep 17:621:130-136. [Abstract]
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IF
Biological Activity
Description
In Vitro
Guide (Following is our recommended protocol. This protocol only provides a guideline, and should be modified according to your specific needs).
1.Preparation of TMRM working solution
1.1Preparation of the stock solution
Dissolve 1 mg TMRM in 525 μL DMSO to obtain 5 mM of stock solution.
1.2Preparation of TMRM working solution
Dilute the stock solution in serum-free cell culture medium or PBS to obtain 1-20 μM of working solution.
Note: Please adjust the concentration of TMRM working solution according to the actual situation.
2. Cell staining (Suspension cells)
2.1 Centrifuge at 1000 g at 4°C for 3-5 minutes and then discard the supernatant. Wash twice with PBS, 5 minutes each time. The cell density is 1×106/mL.
2.2 Add 1 mL of working solution, and then incubate at room temperature for 5-30 minutes.
2.3 Centrifuge at 400 g at 4°C for 3-4 minutes and then discard the supernatant.
2.4 Wash twice with PBS, 5 minutes each time.
2.5 Resuspend cells with serum-free cell culture medium or PBS. Observation by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.
3. Cell staining (Adherent cells)
3.1 Culture adherent cells on sterile coverslips.
3.2 Remove the coverslip from the medium and aspirate excess medium.
3.3 Add 100 μL of working solution, gently shake it to completely cover the cells, and then incubate at room temperature for 5-30 minutes.
3.4 Wash twice with medium, 5 minutes each time. Observation by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Emission (Em)
576
Excitation (Ex)
550
Dyeing Example
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 115532-49-5
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Molecular Weight 401.48
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Formula C25H25N2O3
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SMILES
O=C(C1=CC=CC=C1C2=C3C=CC(N(C)C)=CC3=[O+]C4=C2C=CC(N(C)C)=C4)OC
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
Publications (18)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase initiates mtDNA demethylation and leakage to fuel antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]2026 Mar 26;11(1):113. PMID: 41888107 -
Autophagy
2026 Jun 25:1-16. PMID: 42290138 -
Autophagy
Exercise hormone irisin alleviates rheumatoid arthritis by removing dysfunctional mitochondria. [Abstract]2026 May 25. PMID: 42186185 -
Autophagy
Cannabidiol inhibits human glioma by induction of lethal mitophagy through activating TRPV4. [Abstract]2021 Nov;17(11):3592-3606. PMID: 33629929 -
Mol Cell
β-hydroxybutyrate facilitates mitochondrial-derived vesicle biogenesis and improves mitochondrial functions. [Abstract]2025 Apr 3;85(7):1395-1410.e5. PMID: 40118051 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
MCU Upregulation Overactivates Mitophagy by Promoting VDAC1 Dimerization and Ubiquitination in the Hepatotoxicity of Cadmium. [Abstract]2023 Mar;10(7):e2203869. PMID: 36642847 -
Phytomedicine
Kaempferol functionally reprograms CD47 signaling to promote cytoprotection and attenuate oxeiptosis in severe acute pancreatitis. [Abstract]2026 May 15:157:158305. PMID: 42184499 -
Basic Res Cardiol
Pinacidil ameliorates cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting chaperone-mediated autophagy of calreticulin. [Abstract]2024 Feb;119(1):113-131. PMID: 38168863 -
Redox Rep
ROS-Drp1-mitophagy feedback loop regulates myogenic differentiation via actin cytoskeleton remodeling-mediated MRTF-A/SRF axis. [Abstract]2025 Dec;30(1):2536400. PMID: 40691128 -
Int J Mol Sci
Mitochondrial Abundant Heat Soluble (MAHS) Protein Expression Modulates Metabolic Dynamics in Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. [Abstract]2026 Jul 15;27(14):6289. PMID: 42511631 -
Int J Mol Sci
Baloxavir Acid-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity and Cell Cycle Arrest Contribute to Its Adverse Effects. [Abstract]2026 Mar 25;27(7):2967. PMID: 41977157 -
Int J Mol Sci
Calcium/P53/Ninjurin 1 Signaling Mediates Plasma Membrane Rupture of Acinar Cells in Severe Acute Pancreatitis. [Abstract]2023 Jul 17;24(14):11554. PMID: 37511311 -
J Thromb Haemost
2021 Dec;19(12):3113-3125. PMID: 34411418 -
Cell Signal
2024 Jan:113:110969. PMID: 37967691 -
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Endocrinology
The Immp2l Mutation Causes Ovarian Aging Through ROS-Wnt/β-Catenin-Estrogen Pathway: Preventive Effect of Melatonin. [Abstract]2020 Sep 1;161(9):bqaa119. PMID: 32652035
TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Endocrinology. 2020 Sep 1;161(9):bqaa119. [Abstract]
Mitochondrial membrane potential detected by TMRE. TMRM staining reveals a decreased signal in the Immp2l knockdown granulosa cells compared to control cells, suggesting mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization. Melatonin treatment prevented the membrane depolarization in Immp2l knockdown granulosa cells.
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Toxicon
Isobavachalcone disrupts mitochondrial respiration and induces cytotoxicity through ROS accumulation and Akt suppression. [Abstract]2022 Sep:216:28-36. PMID: 35780971 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
2022 Sep 17:621:130-136. PMID: 35820283
Protocol
Cell Assay[1]
Cultures are exposed to Millipore-filtered solutions (0.22 µm) containing TMRM and/or drugs for 1 hr at 37°C (except the experiment involving different durations of exposure to TMRM). After treatment, solutions are removed and growth media reapplied under sterile conditions, and cultures are post-incubated for 18 hours at 37°C (except for the experiment involving analysis at different time points after exposure). Cells are then stained with 2 mg/mL bisbenzimide for 20 min at room temperature. Coverslips are subsequently washed in saline and imaged using 2P microscopy. Apoptotic cells are identified as brightly fluorescent nuclei under UV excitation indicating DNA fragmentation. Cell survivability is calculated as the percentage of live, unstained cells (±SD) in five microscopic fields per treatment[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
References
[1]. Crowley LC, et al. Measuring Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential by TMRE Staining. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2016 Dec 1;2016(12):pdb.prot087361. [Content Brief]
[2]. Chowdhury SR, et al. Simultaneous evaluation of substrate-dependent oxygen consumption rates and mitochondrial membrane potential by TMRM and safranin in cortical mitochondria. Biosci Rep. 2015 Dec 8;36(1):e00286. [Content Brief]
[3]. Monteith A, et al. Imaging of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial responses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons exposed to micromolar concentrations of TMRM. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58059. [Content Brief]
Calculators
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)