TMRM
Based on 42 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrial membrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms.
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- CAS No.: 115532-49-5
- Formule: C25H25N2O3
- Masse moléculaire:401.48
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Stockage:
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Activité biologique
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Chemical Information
- Protocole
- Pureté et documentation
- Références
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Help & FAQs
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) TMRM
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2026 Mar 26;11(1):113. [Abstract]
- Mol Cancer. 2025 Jan 28;24(1):34. [Abstract]
- Cell Metab. 2025 Oct 7;37(10):2076-2092.e8. [Abstract]
- Cancer Discov. 2026 Apr 7. [Abstract]
- Adv Mater. 2024 May;36(22):e2211609. [Abstract]
- Bioact Mater. 2024 Oct 30:44:447-460. [Abstract]
- Autophagy. 2026 Jun 25:1-16. [Abstract]
- Autophagy. 2026 May 25. [Abstract]
- Autophagy. 2021 Nov;17(11):3592-3606. [Abstract]
- ACS Nano. 2025 Mar 11;19(9):9390-9411. [Abstract]
- J Adv Res. 2025 Aug:74:609-620. [Abstract]
- Redox Biol. 2025 Sep 22:87:103877. [Abstract]
- Mol Cell. 2025 Apr 3;85(7):1395-1410.e5. [Abstract]
- Gut Microbes. 2026 Dec 31;18(1):2657625. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Mar;10(7):e2203869. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep Med. 2025 Mar 18;6(3):102020. [Abstract]
- Pharmacol Res. 2026 May:227:108177. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2026 May 15:157:158305. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2025 Apr:139:156517. [Abstract]
- Mater Today Bio. 2025 Oct 30:35:102483. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2025 Sep 1. [Abstract]
- Basic Res Cardiol. 2024 Feb;119(1):113-131. [Abstract]
- Antioxidants (Basel). 2026 Apr 21;15(4):515. [Abstract]
- Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025 May 1;16(1):222. [Abstract]
- Redox Rep. 2025 Dec;30(1):2536400. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2026 Mar 25;27(7):2967. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 Mar 26:150:114266. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jul 17;24(14):11554. [Abstract]
- Inflammation. 2025 Jan 10. [Abstract]
- J Thromb Haemost. 2021 Dec;19(12):3113-3125. [Abstract]
- Cell Signal. 2024 Jan:113:110969. [Abstract]
- Cell Signal. 2020 Nov;75:109733. [Abstract]
- Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2026 Mar:122:104954. [Abstract]
- Aquaculture. 5 October 2022, 738900.
- Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2025 Jan 27:119911. [Abstract]
- Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2025 Jun:161:110275. [Abstract]
- Endocrinology. 2020 Sep 1;161(9):bqaa119. [Abstract]
- AAPS J. 2025 Jun 13;27(4):109. [Abstract]
- Exp Eye Res. 2021 Aug:209:108640. [Abstract]
- Toxicon. 2022 Sep:216:28-36. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022 Sep 17:621:130-136. [Abstract]
- Res Sq. 2026 Jun 4.
Customer Validation & Images
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Flow Cytometry
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Activité biologique
Guide (Following is our recommended protocol. This protocol only provides a guideline, and should be modified according to your specific needs).
1.Preparation of TMRM working solution
1.1Preparation of the stock solution
Dissolve 1 mg TMRM in 525 μL DMSO to obtain 5 mM of stock solution.
1.2Preparation of TMRM working solution
Dilute the stock solution in serum-free cell culture medium or PBS to obtain 1-20 μM of working solution.
Note: Please adjust the concentration of TMRM working solution according to the actual situation.
2. Cell staining (Suspension cells)
2.1 Centrifuge at 1000 g at 4°C for 3-5 minutes and then discard the supernatant. Wash twice with PBS, 5 minutes each time. The cell density is 1×106/mL.
2.2 Add 1 mL of working solution, and then incubate at room temperature for 5-30 minutes.
2.3 Centrifuge at 400 g at 4°C for 3-4 minutes and then discard the supernatant.
2.4 Wash twice with PBS, 5 minutes each time.
2.5 Resuspend cells with serum-free cell culture medium or PBS. Observation by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.
3. Cell staining (Adherent cells)
3.1 Culture adherent cells on sterile coverslips.
3.2 Remove the coverslip from the medium and aspirate excess medium.
3.3 Add 100 μL of working solution, gently shake it to completely cover the cells, and then incubate at room temperature for 5-30 minutes.
3.4 Wash twice with medium, 5 minutes each time. Observation by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Chemical Information
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CAS No. 115532-49-5
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Masse moléculaire 401.48
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Formule C25H25N2O3
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SMILES
O=C(C1=CC=CC=C1C2=C3C=CC(N(C)C)=CC3=[O+]C4=C2C=CC(N(C)C)=C4)OC
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Livraison
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Stockage
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
Publications (42)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase initiates mtDNA demethylation and leakage to fuel antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]2026 Mar 26;11(1):113. PMID: 41888107 -
Mol Cancer
Sorafenib enhanced the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma by facilitating PPARα-mediated fatty acid oxidation. [Abstract]2025 Jan 28;24(1):34. PMID: 39876004 -
Cell Metab
Mitochondrial dysfunction reveals H2S-mediated synaptic sulfhydration as a potential mechanism for autism-associated social defects. [Abstract]2025 Oct 7;37(10):2076-2092.e8. PMID: 40907489 -
Cancer Discov
Correcting Mitochondrial Complex I Defect in Tumor-Associated Natural Killer Cells Potentiates Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma. [Abstract]2026 Apr 7. PMID: 41944586 -
Adv Mater
Cell Reprogramming-Inspired Dynamically Responsive Hydrogel Boosts the Induction of Pluripotency via Phase-Separated Biomolecular Condensates. [Abstract]2024 May;36(22):e2211609. PMID: 36989141
TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Mater. 2024 May;36(22):e2211609. [Abstract]
TMRM (25 nM, 30 min) fluorescence analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential in MEFs, iPSCs, or cells undergoing reprogramming on day 5 and 7.
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Bioact Mater
Metal-phenolic-network-coated gold nanoclusters for enhanced photothermal/chemodynamic/immunogenic cancer therapy. [Abstract]2024 Oct 30:44:447-460. PMID: 39534788
TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2024 Oct 30:44:447-460. [Abstract]
images of 4T1 cells stained with TMRM fluorescence probe after different treatments. The red fluorescence indicates the mitochondrial membrane potential. Scale bar: 50 μm. G1: PBS; G2: PBS + L; G3: AuNCs@PDA; G4: AuNCs@PDA + L; G5: AuNCs@PDA-Mn; G6: AuNCs@PDA-Mn + L, in which the symbols “L”, indicated the presence of NIR.
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Autophagy
2026 Jun 25:1-16. PMID: 42290138 -
Autophagy
Exercise hormone irisin alleviates rheumatoid arthritis by removing dysfunctional mitochondria. [Abstract]2026 May 25. PMID: 42186185 -
Autophagy
Cannabidiol inhibits human glioma by induction of lethal mitophagy through activating TRPV4. [Abstract]2021 Nov;17(11):3592-3606. PMID: 33629929 -
ACS Nano
Microneedles Loaded with Nitric-Oxide Driven Nanomotors Improve Force-Induced Efferocytosis Impairment and Sterile Inflammation by Revitalizing Macrophage Energy Metabolism. [Abstract]2025 Mar 11;19(9):9390-9411. PMID: 40025734
TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Nano. 2025 Mar 11;19(9):9390-9411. [Abstract]
Analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential. The proportion of TMRM positive cells in flow cytometry reflect the high or low mitochondrial membrane potential. Scale bar = 40 μm.
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J Adv Res
Columbianadin ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by attenuating synoviocyte hyperplasia through targeted vimentin to inhibit the VAV2/Rac-1 signaling pathway. [Abstract]2025 Aug:74:609-620. PMID: 39369957
TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2025 Aug:74:609-620. [Abstract]
Effects of silencing and overexpression of vimentin on apoptosis of MH7A cells. TMRM/DAPI staining (n = 4).
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Redox Biol
Synthetic anticoagulant octaparin targets mitochondrial cardiolipin-GSDMD axis to rescue redox homeostasis in sepsis. [Abstract]2025 Sep 22:87:103877. PMID: 40992080 -
Mol Cell
β-hydroxybutyrate facilitates mitochondrial-derived vesicle biogenesis and improves mitochondrial functions. [Abstract]2025 Apr 3;85(7):1395-1410.e5. PMID: 40118051 -
Gut Microbes
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid enhances resistance to Salmonella infection by promoting PPARγ-mediated metabolic reprogramming and effector function in CD8⁺ T cells. [Abstract]2026 Dec 31;18(1):2657625. PMID: 41964110 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
MCU Upregulation Overactivates Mitophagy by Promoting VDAC1 Dimerization and Ubiquitination in the Hepatotoxicity of Cadmium. [Abstract]2023 Mar;10(7):e2203869. PMID: 36642847 -
Cell Rep Med
CD4+ anti-TGF-β CAR T cells and CD8+ conventional CAR T cells exhibit synergistic antitumor effects. [Abstract]2025 Mar 18;6(3):102020. PMID: 40107245 -
Pharmacol Res
SERCA2 dysfunction drives vascular calcification via coupling with TSPO-MCU at mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes. [Abstract]2026 May:227:108177. PMID: 41932666 -
Phytomedicine
Kaempferol functionally reprograms CD47 signaling to promote cytoprotection and attenuate oxeiptosis in severe acute pancreatitis. [Abstract]2026 May 15:157:158305. PMID: 42184499 -
Phytomedicine
Berberine protects against dysentery by targeting both Shigella filamentous temperature sensitive protein Z and host pyroptosis: Resolving in vitro-vivo effect discrepancy. [Abstract]2025 Apr:139:156517. PMID: 39986228 -
Mater Today Bio
ATG7-driven mitophagy in BMSC@CS hydrogel reprograms metabolism to boost bone regeneration. [Abstract]2025 Oct 30:35:102483. PMID: 41281656 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Selective recognition memory impairment in mitochondrial hydroxylase Clk1 mutant mice, rescued by antipsychotics. [Abstract]2025 Sep 1. PMID: 40890445 -
Basic Res Cardiol
Pinacidil ameliorates cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting chaperone-mediated autophagy of calreticulin. [Abstract]2024 Feb;119(1):113-131. PMID: 38168863 -
Antioxidants (Basel)
ScFv T1 Protects Against Mitochondrial Damage of SH-SY5Y Cells Caused by Extracellular Tau Aggregates. [Abstract]2026 Apr 21;15(4):515. PMID: 42072156 -
Stem Cell Res Ther
Enhance the therapeutic efficacy of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease through CRISPLD2 modulation. [Abstract]2025 May 1;16(1):222. PMID: 40312744 -
Redox Rep
ROS-Drp1-mitophagy feedback loop regulates myogenic differentiation via actin cytoskeleton remodeling-mediated MRTF-A/SRF axis. [Abstract]2025 Dec;30(1):2536400. PMID: 40691128 -
Int J Mol Sci
Baloxavir Acid-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity and Cell Cycle Arrest Contribute to Its Adverse Effects. [Abstract]2026 Mar 25;27(7):2967. PMID: 41977157 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Lipin1 ameliorates cognitive ability of diabetic encephalopathy via regulating Ca2+ transfer through mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes. [Abstract]2025 Mar 26:150:114266. PMID: 39961213 -
Int J Mol Sci
Calcium/P53/Ninjurin 1 Signaling Mediates Plasma Membrane Rupture of Acinar Cells in Severe Acute Pancreatitis. [Abstract]2023 Jul 17;24(14):11554. PMID: 37511311 -
Inflammation
Dnmt3a-mediated DNA Methylation Regulates P. gingivalis-suppressed Cementoblast Mineralization Partially Via Mitochondria-dependent Apoptosis Pathway. [Abstract]2025 Jan 10. PMID: 39789287 -
J Thromb Haemost
2021 Dec;19(12):3113-3125. PMID: 34411418 -
Cell Signal
2024 Jan:113:110969. PMID: 37967691 -
Cell Signal
Capsaicin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells via TRPV1-mediated mitochondrial calcium overload. [Abstract]2020 Nov;75:109733. PMID: 32771398 -
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol
2026 Mar:122:104954. PMID: 41644025 -
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Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res
MARCH5 ameliorates aortic valve calcification via RACGAP1-DRP1 associated mitochondrial quality control. [Abstract]2025 Jan 27:119911. PMID: 39880131 -
Fish Shellfish Immunol
Hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis). [Abstract]2025 Jun:161:110275. PMID: 40086497 -
Endocrinology
The Immp2l Mutation Causes Ovarian Aging Through ROS-Wnt/β-Catenin-Estrogen Pathway: Preventive Effect of Melatonin. [Abstract]2020 Sep 1;161(9):bqaa119. PMID: 32652035
TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Endocrinology. 2020 Sep 1;161(9):bqaa119. [Abstract]
Mitochondrial membrane potential detected by TMRE. TMRM staining reveals a decreased signal in the Immp2l knockdown granulosa cells compared to control cells, suggesting mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization. Melatonin treatment prevented the membrane depolarization in Immp2l knockdown granulosa cells.
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AAPS J
Dose Optimization of ClpP Agonists Using an In Vitro Microfluidic Perfusion Platform and In Silico Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling. [Abstract]2025 Jun 13;27(4):109. PMID: 40514581 -
Exp Eye Res
VDAC1 regulates mitophagy in NLRP3 inflammasome activation in retinal capillary endothelial cells under high-glucose conditions. [Abstract]2021 Aug:209:108640. PMID: 34058229 -
Toxicon
Isobavachalcone disrupts mitochondrial respiration and induces cytotoxicity through ROS accumulation and Akt suppression. [Abstract]2022 Sep:216:28-36. PMID: 35780971 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
2022 Sep 17:621:130-136. PMID: 35820283 -
Protocole
Cultures are exposed to Millipore-filtered solutions (0.22 µm) containing TMRM and/or drugs for 1 hr at 37°C (except the experiment involving different durations of exposure to TMRM). After treatment, solutions are removed and growth media reapplied under sterile conditions, and cultures are post-incubated for 18 hours at 37°C (except for the experiment involving analysis at different time points after exposure). Cells are then stained with 2 mg/mL bisbenzimide for 20 min at room temperature. Coverslips are subsequently washed in saline and imaged using 2P microscopy. Apoptotic cells are identified as brightly fluorescent nuclei under UV excitation indicating DNA fragmentation. Cell survivability is calculated as the percentage of live, unstained cells (±SD) in five microscopic fields per treatment[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Pureté et documentation
Références
[1]. Crowley LC, et al. Measuring Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential by TMRE Staining. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2016 Dec 1;2016(12):pdb.prot087361. [Content Brief]
[2]. Chowdhury SR, et al. Simultaneous evaluation of substrate-dependent oxygen consumption rates and mitochondrial membrane potential by TMRM and safranin in cortical mitochondria. Biosci Rep. 2015 Dec 8;36(1):e00286. [Content Brief]
[3]. Monteith A, et al. Imaging of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial responses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons exposed to micromolar concentrations of TMRM. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58059. [Content Brief]
Calculators
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
TMRM Related Classifications
HY-D0984 Related Classifications
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