Vitronectin

Vitronectin, also called S protein when described in its complement role, is a multifunctional plasma glycoprotein that bridges hemostasis, adhesion, and innate immunity. As a complement regulator it binds the nascent C5b-7 complex and prevents its insertion into membranes, limiting formation of the membrane attack complex in fluid phase and on bystander cells. Its RGD motif engages integrins to support cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, and it additionally interacts with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, urokinase receptor, heparin, and the vitronectin receptor. Recombinant vitronectin is widely used as a cell-culture attachment substrate and in complement-inhibition studies.