FXR antagonist 5

C57BL/6J (initial body weight 18 g; 7‑week high‑fat/high‑carbohydrate diet priming; ~30  g body weight, 8‑h fasting, 3‑cycle 30 mg/kg i.p. STZ (HY-13753); blood‑glucose assessed 1‑week post‑STZ, maintained 2‑week re‑evaluation)
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100 mg/kg

p.o.; once daily; 35 days

Recorded lower daily food (10.92 g) and water intake (25.06 g/day) in week 5, compared with 14.50 g food and 37.21 g/day water for the model group.
Measured fasting blood glucose at 15.23 mmol/L on day 35.
Observed reduced two‑hour postprandial blood glucose on days 7, 21, and 35.
Calculated an OGTT AUC of 3248.82 mmol·min/L on day 27, versus 3442.31 mmol·min/L in the model group.
Detected terminal GSP at 6.14 mmol/L, compared with 7.71 mmol/L for the model group.
Found elevated plasma GLP‑1 (7.73 pM) and insulin (61.07 pg/mL), relative to model‑group values of 6.45 pM and 50.77 pg/mL.
Documented reduced plasma TC and TG levels versus the model group.
Noted a trending decrease in plasma total bile acids; the model group displayed a modest increase relative to normal animals.
Obtained ALT of 83.62 U/L (model: 127.83 U/L) and AST of 95.51 U/L (model: 139.81 U/L).
Measured decreased plasma creatinine compared with the model group.
Identified ameliorated hepatic cellular edema, fatty change and vacuolization via H&E staining, alongside diminished hepatic lipid‑droplet accumulation in Oil Red O staining.
Detected alleviated glomerular enlargement, tubular dilation and vacuolar degeneration in kidney histological sections.