Ion Channel Modulators

Jingzhaotoxin-V, a 29-residue polypeptide, is derived from the venom of the spider Chilobrachys jingzhao. Jingzhaotoxin-V inhibits tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons with IC₅₀ values of 27.6 nM and 30.2 nM, respectively. Jingzhaotoxin-V also inhibits Kv4.2 potassium currents expressed in Xenpus Laevis oocytes (IC₅₀ of 604.2 nM).

HsTX1, from the scorpion Heterometrus spinnifer, is a 34-residue, C-terminally amidated peptide cross-linked by four disulfide bridges. HsTX1, an the inhibitor of potassium channel, with IC₅₀ for Kv1.3 of 12 pM inhibits T_EM cell activation and attenuates inflammation in autoimmunity.

Jingzhaotoxin-V is a peptide that inhibits potassium currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes with an IC₅₀ value of 604.2 nM. Jingzhaotoxin-V also inhibits tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons with IC₅₀ values of 27.6 and 30.2 nM, respectively.

Hongotoxin-1, isolated from venom of Centruroides limbatus, is the inhibitor of potassium channel, with IC₅₀ for? Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, and Kv1.6 of 31 pM, 170 pM, 86 pM,and 6000 pM, respectively.

Noxiustoxin is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius which block voltage-dependent potassium channel (Kv1.3, IC₅₀ = 360 nM), and calcium-activated potassium channel. Noxiustoxin plays an important role in neuroinflammatory disease.

Deamino-pterinotoxin-1 is a peptide toxin synthesized from the deamination of pterinotoxin-1 (HY-5943).

Pterinotoxin-1 is a sodium channel inhibitor peptide toxin.

Pterinotoxin-2 is a sodium channel inhibitor peptide toxin.

Ssm Spooky Toxin is found in Scolopendra mutilans that potently inhibits KCNQ (voltage-gated potassium channel family 7) channels, with IC₅₀s of 2.8 μM, 5.26 μM and 0.1-0.3 M for Kv7.4, Kv1.3, and Shal channel, respectivily. Ssm Spooky Toxin inhibits cytokine generation by specifically acting on the KV1.3 channel in T cells. Ssm Spooky Toxin plays an essential role in the centipede’s circulatory system .

BmK-M1 is a scorpion toxin, and is composed of 64 amino acids cross-linked by four disulfide bridges. BmK-M1 inhibits Na⁺ channel and can be considered both as a cardiotoxin and a neurotoxin.

Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTx1), a peptide toxin, is an voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes inhibitor. Ceratotoxin-1 inhibits Nav1.1/β1, Nav1.2/β1, Nav1.4/β1, and Nav1.5/β1 with IC₅₀ of 523 nM, 3 nM, 888 nM, and 323 nM, respectively. Ceratotoxin-1 also inhibits Nav1.8/β1.