TIMP-1

TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1) is a glycosylated secreted protein that inhibits most matrix metalloproteinases, with particularly high affinity for MMP-9, and forms complexes with proMMP-9 and membrane-type MMP-14. Its gene is X-linked and strongly inducible by cytokines and growth factors. Beyond protease inhibition, TIMP-1 acts as a signaling molecule: through CD63 and integrin-associated receptors it promotes cell survival, proliferation and erythroid differentiation, giving it cytokine-like functions independent of MMP binding. Elevated circulating TIMP-1 correlates with poor prognosis in breast, colorectal and other cancers and with fibrotic disease. Recombinant TIMP-1 is a standard reagent for MMP activity assays and tumor microenvironment studies.