6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid
Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA) is a bacterial effector molecule with metabolic and immunomodulatory activities. 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid activates the JAK1-STAT1 signaling pathway, promotes phenotypic conversion of M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages, and exerts anti-tumor effects by regulating macrophage polarization. 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes mediated by Gαi family GPCR, and reduces high-fat diet-induced weight gain and obesity. 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid can be used in studies related to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, obesity, and insulin resistance.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.14%
- CAS No.: 1191-25-9
- Formula: C6H12O3
- Molecular Weight:132.16
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Storage:Pure form -20°C, 3 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid
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Biological Activity
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (50-1000 ng/mL; 48 h) induces M1 polarization of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in a concentration-dependent manner[1].
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (200 ng/mL; 24 h) repolarizes human THP-1-derived M2 macrophages to the M1 phenotype, which is characterized by increased iNOS expression and decreased CD206 expression[1].
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (200 ng/mL; 24 h) induces M1 polarization of mouse BMDM-derived M2 macrophages via the JAK1-STAT1 signaling pathway; pre-treatment with 20 μg/mL IFNAR1 antibody for 48 h attenuates 6-HHA-mediated upregulation of iNOS expression and increase in the proportion of M1 macrophages, but does not affect the downregulation of Arg1 expression[1].
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (200 ng/mL; 24 h) repolarizes M2 macrophages differentiated from mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) to the M1 phenotype, which is characterized by upregulated CD86 expression, downregulated CD206 expression, and increased secretion levels of TNF-α and IL-12[1].
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (200 ng/mL; 24 h) induces transcriptome remodeling in mouse BMDM-derived M2 macrophages, leading to their conversion to the proinflammatory M1 phenotype, while significantly activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and upregulating M1-related genes[1].
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (200 ng/mL; 48 h) combined with medium from mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) inhibits the proliferation, migration and colony-forming ability of mouse Panc02 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells[1].
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (0.1 mM; 24 h) significantly inhibits TNF-α-induced IL-6 secretion in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, with no effect on basal cytokine production[2].
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (0.1 mM; 24 h) significantly inhibits isoproterenol-induced FFA release in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and this effect depends on the Gαi-mediated signaling pathway[2].
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (0.1 mM) inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines in human gingival fibroblasts[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (200 ng/mL; intraperitoneal injection; every 3 days; 3 weeks, co-administered with 250 μg/mouse IFNAR1 inhibitor) relies on the JAK1-STAT1 signaling pathway for induced tumor-associated macrophage M1 polarization and subsequent antitumor activity in orthotopic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma mouse models[1].
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (1.1-2.2 mg/kg; i.p.; every other day; 3 weeks) improves adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in diet-induced obese mice, with significant effects observed at the 2.2 mg/kg dose[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:C57BL/6 (male, 4-6 weeks old, orthotopic injection of 1×106 Panc02 cells into pancreatic parenchyma)[1]
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Dosage:200 ng/mL
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Administration:intraperitoneal injection; every 3 days; 3 weeks
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Result:Reduced tumor weight and volume significantly compared to control.
Increased proportion of F4/80+ CD11b+ macrophages in tumor tissue markedly.
Increased proportion of M1-type macrophages (CD86+ CD206-) significantly.
Decreased expression of M2 marker CD206.
Caused no significant alterations in liver (ALT, AST, GGT) or kidney (BUN, creatinine) function markers compared to control.
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Animal Model:C57BL/6 (male, 4-6 weeks old, orthotopic injection of 1×106 Panc02 cells into pancreatic parenchyma)[1]
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Dosage:200 ng/mL (6-HHA); 250 μg/mouse (IFNAR1 inhibitor)
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Administration:intraperitoneal injection; every 3 days; 3 weeks
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Result:Diminished the 6-HHA-induced increase in proportion of M1-type macrophages (CD86+ CD206-) in tumor tissue significantly when co-administered with IFNAR1 inhibitor.
Attenuated the antitumor effect of 6-HHA when co-administered with IFNAR1 inhibitor.
Did not reverse the reduction in M2-type macrophage proportions caused by 6-HHA when co-administered with IFNAR1 inhibitor.
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Animal Model:C57BL/6 J (wildtype)[2]
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Dosage:1.1 mg/kg; 2.2 mg/kg
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Administration:i.p.; every other day; 3 weeks
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Result:Significantly decreased HFD-induced body weight gain at 2.2 mg/kg dose compared to vehicle controls.
Reduced adiposity and slightly increased lean mass at 2.2 mg/kg dose compared to vehicle controls.
Shifted respiratory exchange ratio (RER) toward carbohydrate metabolism at 2.2 mg/kg dose.
Improved obesity-associated insulin intolerance at 2.2 mg/kg dose.
Reduced fasting glucose levels without altering serum insulin levels at 2.2 mg/kg dose.
Decreased crown-like structures in epididymal (eWAT) and inguinal (iWAT) white adipose tissue at 2.2 mg/kg dose.
Increased adipose insulin sensitivity (elevated pAKT(Ser473)/AKT ratio in eWAT) at 2.2 mg/kg dose.
Lowered serum free fatty acid (FFA) and leptin levels at 2.2 mg/kg dose.
Reduced serum proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 at 2.2 mg/kg dose.
Suppressed proinflammatory gene expression (Il6, Nos2, Adipoq, Lep, Cd36, Gpr81) in eWAT at 2.2 mg/kg dose.
Upregulated signaling pathways involved in fatty acid metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and lipolysis in adipocytes at 2.2 mg/kg dose.
Downregulated pathways related to leukocyte migration, Ras protein signaling, and cytokine production in eWAT at 2.2 mg/kg dose.
Did not produce a significant reduction in HFD-induced body weight gain at 1.1 mg/kg dose.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 1191-25-9
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Appearance <38°C Solid,>40°C Liquid
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Molecular Weight 132.16
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Formula C6H12O3
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Color White to light yellow
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SMILES
O=C(CCCCCO)O
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Synonyms
6-HHA
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Pure form -20°C 3 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (1)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Int Immunopharmacol
Intratumoral microbiota-driven macrophage reprogramming in pancreatic cancer via Blautia metabolite 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid. [Abstract]2025 Oct 30:164:115421. PMID: 40865404
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (756.66 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (37.83 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (37.83 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (279 KB)
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SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
- Italian - IT (396 KB)
- Korean - KR (396 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Zhong Y, et al. Intratumoral microbiota-driven macrophage reprogramming in pancreatic cancer via Blautia metabolite 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid. International immunopharmacology. 2025 Oct 30;164:115421. [Content Brief]
[2].
Sebag SC, et al. A medium chain fatty acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), protects against obesity and insulin resistance. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2024 Apr;14(4):1892-1894.
[Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 7.5666 mL | 37.8329 mL | 75.6659 mL | 189.1646 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.5133 mL | 7.5666 mL | 15.1332 mL | 37.8329 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7567 mL | 3.7833 mL | 7.5666 mL | 18.9165 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.5044 mL | 2.5222 mL | 5.0444 mL | 12.6110 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.3783 mL | 1.8916 mL | 3.7833 mL | 9.4582 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.3027 mL | 1.5133 mL | 3.0266 mL | 7.5666 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.2522 mL | 1.2611 mL | 2.5222 mL | 6.3055 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1892 mL | 0.9458 mL | 1.8916 mL | 4.7291 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1513 mL | 0.7567 mL | 1.5133 mL | 3.7833 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.1261 mL | 0.6305 mL | 1.2611 mL | 3.1527 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0946 mL | 0.4729 mL | 0.9458 mL | 2.3646 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0757 mL | 0.3783 mL | 0.7567 mL | 1.8916 mL |
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