Dihydrorhodamine 123
Based on 20 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) is a non-fluorescent reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicator. Dihydrorhodamine 123 is oxidized to fluorescent Rhodamine 123 (HY-D0816) within cells in the presence of reactive oxygen species and it localizes in mitochondria (Ex/Em = 515/536 nm).
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.83%
- CAS No.: 109244-58-8
- Formula: C21H18N2O3
- Molecular Weight:346.38
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Storage:
-20°C, protect from light
* The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Dihydrorhodamine 123
More- Adv Mater. 2025 Jan 26:e2410992. [Abstract]
- Adv Funct Mater. 2025 Jan 16.
- ACS Nano. 2025 Jan 21;19(2):2822-2833. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Sep 15:e07123. [Abstract]
- Small. 2024 Jun;20(26):e2306916. [Abstract]
- Food Packag Shelf Life. 2025 Sep.
- Adv Healthc Mater. 2024 Sep 3:e2402079. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2023 May 1:200:73-86. [Abstract]
- Part Fibre Toxicol. 2022 Mar 29;19(1):24. [Abstract]
- J Med Chem. 2025 Mar 27;68(6):6431-6449. [Abstract]
- Int J Nanomedicine. 2025 Feb 4:20:1529-1541. [Abstract]
- Eur J Med Chem. 2025 Nov 15:298:118016. [Abstract]
- Commun Biol. 2023 Mar 11;6(1):259. [Abstract]
- PLoS Pathog. 2025 Sep 8;21(9):e1013495. [Abstract]
- J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2021 Nov:160:27-41. [Abstract]
- Nanoscale Adv. 2025 Dec 16. [Abstract]
- Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2026 Mar 17. [Abstract]
- Mol Carcinog. 2024 Jan;63(1):106-119. [Abstract]
- Chemrxiv. 2025 Aug 28.
- Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Jun 10:2022:4107915. [Abstract]
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Cell Imaging/Staining
Biological Activity
Guide (The following is our recommended protocol. This protocol is for reference only and should be modified according to your specific needs).
1. Solution preparation
1.1 Preparation of stock solution
Solvent: DMSO
Concentration: 10 mM.
Storage: Store at -20°C or -80°C in dark after aliquoting. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing.
1.2 Preparation of working solution
Dilute to 1-10 μM with cell culture medium (optimized according to the experiment).
Note: The working solution should be prepared and used immediately. Keep it away from light.
2. Cell staining
2.1 Treat cells with inducers or inhibitors of reactive oxygen species.
Note: If treating cells with oxidizing agents, rinse cells three times with buffer or culture medium to remove the compounds before staining to avoid direct oxidation of the dye by the compound.
2.2 Dilute Dihydrorhodamine 123 dye stock solution in serum-free culture medium at a final concentration of 5 μM.
2.3 Remove medium from the cells and replace with medium containing dye.
2.4 Incubate for 30 minutes at 37°C.
2.5 Detect by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Washing is not required, but can be performed to reduce background for microscopy.
In the presence of 10 μM Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) the stimulation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase by the addition of 50 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetat (PMA) resultes in an increase in the rate of rhodamine generation. The fluorescent intensity of the cells, in the presence of 10 μM Dihydrorhodamine 123, increases with time following the addition of 50 nM PMA. In the presence of 10 μM Dihydrorhodamine 123, induced HL60 cells show a sustained increase in fluorescence following the addition of 50 nM PMA[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Chemical Information
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CAS No. 109244-58-8
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 346.38
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Formula C21H18N2O3
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Color White to pink
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SMILES
O=C(OC)C1=CC=CC=C1C2C3=C(OC4=C2C=CC(N)=C4)C=C(N)C=C3
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Synonyms
DHR 123
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
-20°C, protect from light
* The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.
Publications (20)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Adv Mater
Heterodimeric Photosensitizer as Radical Generators to Promoting Type I Photodynamic Conversion for Hypoxic Tumor Therapy. [Abstract]2025 Jan 26:e2410992. PMID: 39865773 -
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ACS Nano
Charge Regulation-Enhanced Type I Photosensitizer-Loaded Hydrogel Dressing for Hypoxic Bacterial Inhibition and Biofilm Elimination. [Abstract]2025 Jan 21;19(2):2822-2833. PMID: 39764613
Dihydrorhodamine 123 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Nano. 2025 Jan 21;19(2):2822-2833. [Abstract]
O2−·detection via DHR 123 (10 μM) in water under irradiation (660 nm, 20 mW/cm2) at an interval of 20 s.
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Adv Sci (Weinh)
RIPK1 Drives JAK1-STAT3 Signaling to Promote CXCL1-Mediated Neutrophil Recruitment in Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury. [Abstract]2025 Sep 15:e07123. PMID: 40953301 -
Small
Capsaicin Enhanced the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy Against Osteosarcoma via a Pro-Death Strategy by Inducing Ferroptosis and Alleviating Hypoxia. [Abstract]2024 Jun;20(26):e2306916. PMID: 38221813 -
Dihydrorhodamine 123 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Food Packag Shelf Life. 2025 Sep.
The curve of fluorescence emission intensity of BA and BBR at 1.34 × 10-4 mol/L with the change of solvent composition ⋅O2- generation of BA (1.34 ×10-4 mol/L) and BBR (1.34 ×10-4 mol/L) in different solutions under white light irradiation (60 mW/cm2) detected by DHR123 (10 μM; 5 min).
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Adv Healthc Mater
Ultrathin BSA-Stabilized Black Phosphorous Nanoreactor Boosts Mild-Temperature Photothermal Therapy Through Modulation of Cellular Self-Defense Fate. [Abstract]2024 Sep 3:e2402079. PMID: 39225409
Dihydrorhodamine 123 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Healthc Mater. 2024 Sep 3:e2402079. [Abstract]
Fluorescence images of MCF-7 cells treated with different-sized Fe3O4, SiO2, and Au NPs and stained with Dihydrorhodamine 123 to characterize the generated H2O2. Green fluorescence: Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123, 10 μM, 30 min), an indicator of H2O2; blue fluorescence: Hoechst 33342.
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Free Radic Biol Med
Cigarette smoke induces the ROS accumulation and iNOS activation through deactivation of Nrf-2/SIRT3 axis to mediate the human bronchial epithelium ferroptosis. [Abstract]2023 May 1:200:73-86. PMID: 36871899
Dihydrorhodamine 123 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Free Radic Biol Med. 2023 May 1:200:73-86. [Abstract]
The Dihydroethidium (DHE; 10 μM; 1 h), Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123, 5 μM; 1 h), FerroOrange and C11 BODIPY probes detect O2• − (red fluorescence),OONO − (green fluorescence), Fe 2+ (orange fluorescence), and lipid peroxides (red fluorescence in the unoxidized state and green fluorescence in the oxidized state), respectively, In normal lung tissue from 10 smoking patients and 10 non-smoking patients.
Dihydrorhodamine 123 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Free Radic Biol Med. 2023 May 1:200:73-86. [Abstract]
The Dihydroethidium (DHE; 5-20 μM; 1 h), Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123, 5 μM, 15-60 min) probes were used to detect ROS intensities in CS-induced bronchial epithelial ferroptosis. Control, and 0.5%,1%, and 2% CSE were used to stimulate BEAS-2B cells for 48 h.
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Part Fibre Toxicol
Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles cause significant toxicity by specifically inducing acute oxidative stress to multiple organs. [Abstract]2022 Mar 29;19(1):24. PMID: 35351185 -
J Med Chem
Regio-isomerization Optimization Strategy for Photosensitizers: Achieving Ultrahigh Type I Reactive Oxygen Species Generation to Enhance Cancer Photoimmunotherapy. [Abstract]2025 Mar 27;68(6):6431-6449. PMID: 40080540 -
Int J Nanomedicine
Hypericum Perforatum-Derived Exosomes-Like Nanovesicles: A Novel Natural Photosensitizer for Effective Tumor Photodynamic Therapy. [Abstract]2025 Feb 4:20:1529-1541. PMID: 39925681 -
Eur J Med Chem
Facile crystallized-AIE-photosensitizer functionalized hydrogel for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and wound recovery. [Abstract]2025 Nov 15:298:118016. PMID: 40752345 -
Commun Biol
2023 Mar 11;6(1):259. PMID: 36906698
Dihydrorhodamine 123 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Commun Biol. 2023 Mar 11;6(1):259. [Abstract]
Dihydrorhodamine 123 detectes the mitochondrial ROS level in mouse tumors. Left panels: Representative histograms. Right panels: Quantification of the MFI values.
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PLoS Pathog
Identification and antiviral mechanism of a novel chicken-derived interferon-related antiviral protein targeting PRDX1. [Abstract]2025 Sep 8;21(9):e1013495. PMID: 40920862 -
J Mol Cell Cardiol
FNDC5/Irisin attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy in a type 2 diabetes mouse model by activation of integrin αV/β5-AKT signaling and reduction of oxidative/nitrosative stress. [Abstract]2021 Nov:160:27-41. PMID: 34224725 -
Nanoscale Adv
Plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic nanoreactors for selective inactivation of murine leukemia virus (MLV). [Abstract]2025 Dec 16. PMID: 41409897 -
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins
2026 Mar 17. PMID: 41843357 -
Mol Carcinog
circPPP2R4 promotes colorectal cancer progression and reduces ROS production through the miR-646/FOXK1 axis. [Abstract]2024 Jan;63(1):106-119. PMID: 37750597 -
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Oxid Med Cell Longev
Inhibition of TRPA1 Ameliorates Periodontitis by Reducing Periodontal Ligament Cell Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via PERK/eIF2 α/ATF-4/CHOP Signal Pathway. [Abstract]2022 Jun 10:2022:4107915. PMID: 35720191
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (288.70 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Protocol
The HL60 cells are incubated at 6×106 cells/mL in Krebs-Ringer buffer at 37°C containing 10 μM Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR). The generation of O2- is initiated by the addition of 50 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetat (PMA) and the progress of the generation of rhodamine 123 is monitored in 50-μL aliquots (3×105 cells) diluted tenfold before analysis. The uninduced HL60 cells are loaded with 5 μM carboxy SNARF-1 AM acetate (SNARF-AM) in the Na+ medium for 10 min at 37°C and washed by centrifugation and resuspension to remove unhydrolysed SNARF ester[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (277 KB)
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SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
- Italian - IT (396 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
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| DMSO | 1 mM | 2.8870 mL | 14.4350 mL | 28.8700 mL | 72.1751 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.5774 mL | 2.8870 mL | 5.7740 mL | 14.4350 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2887 mL | 1.4435 mL | 2.8870 mL | 7.2175 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.1925 mL | 0.9623 mL | 1.9247 mL | 4.8117 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1444 mL | 0.7218 mL | 1.4435 mL | 3.6088 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1155 mL | 0.5774 mL | 1.1548 mL | 2.8870 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0962 mL | 0.4812 mL | 0.9623 mL | 2.4058 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0722 mL | 0.3609 mL | 0.7218 mL | 1.8044 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0577 mL | 0.2887 mL | 0.5774 mL | 1.4435 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0481 mL | 0.2406 mL | 0.4812 mL | 1.2029 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0361 mL | 0.1804 mL | 0.3609 mL | 0.9022 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0289 mL | 0.1444 mL | 0.2887 mL | 0.7218 mL |