Microbial Metabolite
Microbial metabolites function as critical mediators between host physiology and microbiome activity, regulating immunity, metabolic homeostasis, and tissue repair[1][2][3]. Mechanistically, these metabolites modulate host cellular signaling through pathways including AMPK, PPARα, and HDAC inhibition, influencing lipid metabolism, bone homeostasis, and epigenetic regulation[4][5][6][7]. In disease models, specific microbial metabolites such as 10-hydroxystearic acid and imidazole propionate demonstrate dual roles in hepatic regeneration and bone dysfunction, respectively, underscoring context-dependent effects[5][6]. Compared with related isoforms, certain microbial metabolites act selectively on target enzymes or receptors, exemplified by butyrate and valeric acid inhibiting class I HDACs without affecting other isoforms[7]. For experimental applications, metabolites have been leveraged as diagnostic markers in gastric cancer, modulators of drug toxicity, and indicators of microbial-host metabolic interactions[2][8][9]. Bioinformatic tools, including MetOrigin, enable precise discrimination of microbial metabolite origins and facilitate pathway enrichment analysis, enhancing identification of functionally relevant compounds[4]. The integration of metagenomics, metabolomics, and metaproteomics supports targeted discovery of microbial metabolites for both mechanistic studies and therapeutic interventions[3][10][11].
References:
- [1]. Fobofou SA, et al. Microbial metabolites: cause or consequence in gastrointestinal disease? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2022 Jun 1;322(6):G535-G552. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Nie S, et al. Microbial-Related Metabolites May Be Involved in Eight Major Biological Processes and Represent Potential Diagnostic Markers in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2023 Nov 3;15(21):5271. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Vélez-Ixta JM, et al. Post Natal Microbial and Metabolite Transmission: The Path from Mother to Infant. Nutrients. 2024 Jun 22;16(13):1990. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Yu G, et al. MetOrigin: Discriminating the origins of microbial metabolites for integrative analysis of the gut microbiome and metabolome. Imeta. 2022 Mar 21;1(1):e10. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Kramer DJ, et al. Microbial biotherapeutic metabolite alleviates liver injury by restoring hepatic lipid metabolism through PPARα across the gut-liver axis. mBio. 2025 Sep 10;16(9):e0171825. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Park SG, et al. The microbial metabolite imidazole propionate dysregulates bone homeostasis by inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Commun Biol. 2024 Dec 19;7(1):1644. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Yuille S, et al. Human gut bacteria as potent class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro through production of butyric acid and valeric acid. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 27;13(7):e0201073. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Kim B, et al. Pathway-Based Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Microbiome Data from Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Cirrhosis Patients. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Sep 21;12(9):2705. [Content Brief]
- [9]. Lee H, et al. The Discovery of Gut Microbial Metabolites as Modulators of Host Susceptibility to Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos. 2024 Jul 16;52(8):754-764. [Content Brief]
- [10]. Wang WL, et al. Application of metagenomics in the human gut microbiome. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jan 21;21(3):803-14. [Content Brief]
- [11]. Kingkaw A, et al. Analysis of the infant gut microbiome reveals metabolic functional roles associated with healthy infants and infants with atopic dermatitis using metaproteomics. PeerJ. 2020 Sep 25;8:e9988. [Content Brief]
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Microbial Metabolite Related Products (563)
Related Products (563)
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Roridin A
0 ImagesRoridin A acts as an inhibitor of pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana and nematicide. Roridin A is isolated from the fungus Cylindrocarpon sp. Roridin A delays the flowering time of Arabidopsis thaliana, inhibits pollen development and stem elongation, and blocks plant growth. Roridin A induces larval death of the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita).
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Rapamycin-d3
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-10219SCAS No.: 392711-19-2Synonyms: Sirolimus-d3; AY-22989-d3; NSC 226080-d3Rapamycin-d3 (Sirolimus-d3; AY-22989-d3; NSC 226080-d3) is the deuterated-labeled Rapamycin (HY-10219). Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific blood-brain barrier-transmissible mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin is a molecular glue that binds FKBP12 and mTOR proteins together, thereby inhibiting mTOR kinase activity. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant.
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Guanine-13C,15N2
0 ImagesGuanine-13C,15N2 is the 13C and 15N labeled Guanine (HY-Y1055). Guanine is one of the fundamental components of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Guanine is a purine derivative, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. Guanine has the potential to serve as a large-capacity N pool. Guanine has cytotoxic, antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects.
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2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (Standard)
0 ImagesSynonyms: Gentisic acid (Standard)2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a derivative of benzoic and a powerful inhibitor of fibroblast growth factors.
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Phosphoglycerate kinase, yeast
0 ImagesPhosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), yeast is a monomeric glycolytic/gluconeogenic enzyme that can be found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phosphoglycerate kinase, yeast catalyzes phosphoryl-group transfer from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP, binds 3PGA, ATP, and Mg2+, and adopts a closed conformation. Phosphoglycerate kinase, yeast is commonly used in biochemical research.
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Methyl 2-furoate
0 ImagesMethyl 2-furoate (Methyl furan-2-carboxylate) is a furan ester and the methyl ester of Furan-2-carboxylic acid (HY-W012946). Methyl 2-furoate is found in the solid-state fermentation of Antrodia camphorata and is formed via the Maillard reaction between pea protein hydrolysates and fructose. Methyl 2-furoate serves as a synthetic intermediate in the synthesis of Furan-2-carbohydrazide.
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2-Methylpentanedioic acid
0 Images2-Methylpentanedioic acid is a metabolite of succinic acid, a citric acid cycle intermediate.
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Inosinic acid disodiumhydrate(1:2:X)
0 ImagesSynonyms: 5'-IMP disodiumhydrate(1:2:X); IMP disodiumhydrate(1:2:X); Inosine 5'-dihydrogen phosphate disodiumhydrate(1:2:X)Inosinic acid (disodium)(hydrate)(1:2:X) (5'-IMP (disodium)(hydrate)(1:2:X)) is an endogenous metabolite. Inosinic acid (disodium)(hydrate)(1:2:X) is used as umami tastant, or as the dietary supplement to improve the yield and meat quality of pigs.
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Muramic acid
0 ImagesSynonyms: 3-O-Carboxyethyl-D-glucosamineMuramic acid (3-O-Carboxyethyl-D-glucosamine) is a component found only in the cell walls of bacteria and blue-green algae. Muramic acid can be used to measure the biomass of microorganisms in environments such as estuaries, oceans, and soils.
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2-Amino-5-ureidopentanoic acid
0 Images2-Amino-5-ureidopentanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
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Guanine hydrochloride
0 ImagesGuanine hydrochloride is one of the fundamental components of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Guanine hydrochloride is a purine derivative, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. Guanine hydrochloride has the potential to serve as a large-capacity N pool. Guanine hydrochloride has cytotoxic, antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects.
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Rapamycin (GMP Like)
0 ImagesSynonyms: Sirolimus (GMP Like); AY-22989 (GMP Like); NSC 226080 (GMP Like)Rapamycin (Sirolimus) GMP Like is Rapamycin (HY-10219) produced by using GMP like guidelines. GMP Like small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific blood-brain barrier-transmissible mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin is a molecular glue that binds FKBP12 and mTOR proteins together, thereby inhibiting mTOR kinase activity. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant.
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Taurocholic acid sodium (Standard)
0 ImagesSynonyms: Sodium taurocholate (Standard); N-Choloyltaurine sodium (Standard)Taurocholic acid (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Taurocholic acid (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Taurocholic acid sodium (Sodium taurocholate) has marked bioactive effects such as an inhibitory potential against hepatic artery ligation induced biliary damage by upregulation of VEGF-A expression. Taurocholic acid sodium has immunoregulation effect.
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2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium
0 Images2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium, a nucleic acid AMP derivative, is a deoxyribonucleotide found in DNA. 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium can be used to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage.
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DL-Glutamine
0 ImagesDL-Glutamine ((±)-Glutamine; DL-Gl) is an amino acid metabolite. DL-Glutamine is a plasma metabolic biomarker associated with Treg/Th17 balance in an OVA-induced eosinophilic asthma mouse model. DL-glutamine positively correlates with muscle quality parameters such as muscle water-holding capacity and shear force, and negatively correlates with oxidative stress markers and apoptotic gene expression. DL-Glutamine is associated with periodontal pathogens and oral microbial communities in saliva/serum. DL-Glutamine can be used in research related to asthma, muscle quality, and periodontal disease.
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Satratoxin H
0 ImagesSatratoxin H is a toxic metabolite of Stachybotrys atra. Satratoxin H induces caspase-3 and PARP cleavage via p38 MAPK and JNK pathways, stimulates JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and activates JNK and p38 MAPK in a glutathione-sensitive manner. Satratoxin H induces DNA double-stranded breaks, apoptotic body formation, intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress via ATF6, PERK, and IRE1 pathways. Satratoxin H can be used for the research of central nervous system disorders and melanoma.
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L-Lactic acid lithium
0 ImagesSynonyms: (S)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid lithiumL-Lactic acid lithium ((S)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid lithium) is a buildiing block which can be used as a precursor for the production of the bioplastic polymer poly-lactic acid. L-Lactic acid lithium has antiproliferative activity.
