Aplindore

Double or multiplex chromogenic IHC detects two or more protein targets in the same FFPE tissue section by repeated antigen-antibody binding, enzyme-linked detection, chromogen deposition, image capture, and, for higher-plex workflows, removal or destaining before the next staining cycle. Chromogenic readouts are generated as colored precipitates at antigen sites, enabling evaluation of marker expression, cell phenotype, and spatial relationships in preserved tissue architecture. Classic examples include MICSSS, which performs iterative chromogenic IHC staining, scanning, and destaining on a single slide, and p16/Ki-67 dual staining, which uses chromogenic co-detection to identify cervical cells with combined cell-cycle deregulation and proliferation signals.

Human pluripotent stem cells are directed toward midbrain dopaminergic neurons by first inducing a neural floor-plate-like progenitor state, then patterning cells with ventralizing SHH signaling and midbrain/WNT-FGF cues, and finally maturing progenitors into neurons expressing dopaminergic markers such as TH, NURR1/NR4A2, PITX3, DAT/SLC6A3, VMAT2/SLC18A2, GIRK2/KCNJ6, FOXA2, LMX1A, and EN1. The main readouts are loss of pluripotency, acquisition of FOXA2+/LMX1A+ midbrain floor-plate progenitors, emergence of βIII-tubulin+/MAP2+ neurons, and production of TH+ dopaminergic neurons with molecular, dopamine-release, and electrophysiological features of midbrain dopaminergic identity.