Cat. No.: HY-N1437

Hydroxycitric acid

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Hydroxycitric acid is an orally active, multi-target, multi-bioactive organic acid. activates Nrf2 and its downstream molecule GPX4, increases glutathione levels, and thereby inhibits ferroptosis. Hydroxycitric acid activates the Nrf2/Keap1 and ACLY/NF-κB signaling pathways, upregulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, reduces MDA content, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, and improves pulmonary vascular and right ventricular remodeling. Hydroxycitric acid activates both the AMPK and mTORC1/S6K pathways, triggers the unfolded protein response, arrests the cancer cell cycle, and induces DNA fragmentation.

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Pureté: 99.31%
CAS No.: 6205-14-7
Formule: C₆H₈O₈
Masse moléculaire:208.12

Stockage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month

Hydroxycitric acid Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 6205-14-7

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Activité biologique
- Description
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
- Essai clinique
Chemical Information
Publications (1)
Solvant et solubilité
- In Vitro
Pureté et documentation
Références
Help & FAQs
Classifications
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Activité biologique

Description

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In Vitro

Hydroxycitric acid (1-100 mM; 72 h) potently inhibits the proliferation of K562, MEG-01, CML-T1, KYO-1 and SKH-1 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 3.73 to 11.34 mM; in contrast, it exerts no effect on normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts even at concentrations as high as 100 mM^[1].
Hydroxycitric acid (0.5-5 mM) induces DNA fragmentation in K562 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells^[1].
Hydroxycitric acid (0.5-10 mM; 48-72 h) induces G₂/M cell cycle arrest in K562 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells^[1].
Hydroxycitric acid (0.5-5 mM, 24-48 h) activates AMPK by increasing the phosphorylation level of T172 in K562, MEG-01, KYO-1 and SKH-1 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, without altering the total protein level of AMPK^[1].
Hydroxycitric acid (0.5-1 mM; 24-48 h) activates both the AMPK and mTORC1 pathways, and triggers the unfolded protein response in K562 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells by upregulating the phosphorylation level of eIF2α and the expression level of ATF4^[1].
Hydroxycitric acid (5-10 mM) significantly inhibits hypoxia-induced proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells at concentrations of 5 mM and 10 mM^[3].
Hydroxycitric acid (matched to hypoxic/normoxic exposure conditions) inhibits the proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, with a stronger inhibitory effect on cells in a hypoxic environment^[3].
Hydroxycitric acid (24 h) significantly inhibits hypoxia-induced migration of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells^[3].
Hydroxycitric acid (overnight) significantly reduces hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species production in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells^[3].
Hydroxycitric acid (combined with hypoxic exposure) significantly reduces the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) mRNA in hypoxia-induced human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Cycle Analysis^[1]

Cell Line:

K562 CML cells
Concentration:

0.5, 5 and 10 mM
Incubation Time:

48 h; 72 h
Result:

Caused a significant accumulation of K562 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle after 48 h treatment with 10 mM.
Caused significant accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase after 72 h treatment with 5 mM and 10 mM.

Western Blot Analysis^[1]

Cell Line:

CML cell lines K562, MEG-01, KYO-1, SKH-1
Concentration:

0.5 and 1 mM (K562); 0.5-5 mM (MEG-01, KYO-1, SKH-1)
Incubation Time:

24 and 48 h (K562); 24 h (MEG-01, KYO-1, SKH-1)
Result:

Significantly increased phosphorylation of AMPKα at T172 in all tested CML cell lines without altering total AMPKα protein levels.
Increased p-AMPKα levels by ~2-, ~6-, and ~4-fold in MEG-01 cells at 0.5 mM, 1 mM, and 5 mM doses, respectively.
Increased p-AMPKα levels by ~1.5-, ~1.2-, and ~1-fold in KYO-1 cells at 0.5 mM, 1 mM, and 5 mM doses, respectively.
Increased p-AMPKα levels by ~30-fold in SKH-1 cells at 5 mM dose.

Western Blot Analysis^[1]

Cell Line:

K562 CML cells
Concentration:

0.5 and 1 mM
Incubation Time:

24 and 48 h
Result:

Increased phosphorylation of AMPKα, ACC, p70 S6 kinase, S6 ribosomal protein, and eIF2α, and increased ATF4 protein levels.
Indicated concurrent activation of the AMPK and mTORC1 pathways, plus activation of the unfolded protein response.\nShowed AMPK and ACLY interacted in K562 cells via co-immunoprecipitation.
Reduced the total level of immunoprecipitated AMPK-ACLY complex, but the ratio of immunoprecipitated ACLY to AMPK remained unchanged compared to untreated controls, indicating no effect on the interaction between the two proteins.

Western Blot Analysis^[1]

Cell Line:

K562 CML cells
Concentration:

1 mM
Incubation Time:

24 and 48 h
Result:

Confirmed a fraction of AMPK co-eluted with ACLY, showing they are part of a common protein complex.
Had no major effect on the migration of this protein complex.

In Vivo

Hydroxycitric acid (3 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; 25 days) reduces the final tumor volume to 1/3 of the original level and significantly decreases tumor weight in a chronic myeloid leukemia xenograft mouse model^[1].
Hydroxycitric acid (250 mg/kg; i.p.; administered daily for 4 consecutive weeks) significantly reduces monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats, decreases RVSP by 28.97% via anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects, and ameliorates right ventricular and pulmonary vascular remodeling^[3].
hydroxycitrate (250 mg/kg; i.p.; administered daily for 4 consecutive weeks) significantly alleviates hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats, reduces RVSP by 17.5% via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and improves right ventricular and pulmonary vascular remodeling^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1WjI/SzJ (NSG) (male, 8-10 weeks old)^[1]
Dosage:

3 mg/kg
Administration:

p.o.; daily; 25 days
Result:

Reduced final average tumor volume.

Animal Model:

Sprague-Dawley (male, 8-10 weeks old, hypobaric hypoxia-induced model)^[3]
Dosage:

250 mg/kg/day
Administration:

i.p.; daily; 4 weeks
Result:

Reduced RVSP from 42.30 mmHg to 34.9 mmHg.
Decreased right ventricular index from 32.62% to 26.11%.
Reduced right ventricular fibrotic area from 8.94% to 5.80%.
Attenuated upregulated collagen-1 mRNA levels.
Reduced pulmonary arteriole medium film layer thickness from 33.57 μm to 22.29 μm.
Decreased vascular wall area ratio from 0.71% to 0.45%.
Reduced serum IL-1β levels from 66.50 pg/mL to 55.80 pg/mL.
Increased cardiac SOD concentration from 7.31 U/mg to levels significantly higher than hypoxia-only controls.
Reduced cardiac H₂O₂ concentration from 8.76 mM to levels significantly lower than hypoxia-only controls.

Animal Model:

Sprague-Dawley (male, 8-10 weeks old, monocrotaline-induced model)^[3]
Dosage:

250 mg/kg/day
Administration:

i.p.; daily; 4 weeks
Result:

Reduced right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) from 47.60 mmHg to 33.81 mmHg .
Decreased right ventricular index from 39.7% to 26.48%.
Decreased right ventricular weight/body weight ratio from 0.87 mg/g to 0.63 mg/g.
Reduced right ventricular fibrotic area from 15.40% to 8.82%.
Attenuated upregulated mRNA levels of α-SMA, collagen-1, and collagen-3.
Reduced pulmonary arteriole medium film layer thickness from 30.14 μm to 21.86 μm.
Decreased vascular wall area ratio from 0.65% to 0.51%.
Reduced serum levels of IL-6 from 121.20 pg/mL to 59.73 pg/mL, and TNF-α from 19.13 pg/mL to 11.82 pg/mL.
Suppressed elevated p-IκBα and p65 protein expressions in lung tissue.

Essai clinique

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 6205-14-7
Appearance Solid
Masse moléculaire 208.12
Formule C₆H₈O₈
Color White to off-white
SMILES

OC(C(C(O)=O)O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
Livraison

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Stockage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

Publications (1)

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Polymers

High-Expansion Natural Composite Films for Controlled Delivery of Hydroxycitric Acid in Obesity Therapy. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 18;17(12):1697. PMID: 40574227

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In Vitro:

DMSO : 1.92 mg/mL (9.23 mM; ultrasonic and warming and adjust pH to 7 with 1 M HCL and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

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Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

4.8049 mL

24.0246 mL

48.0492 mL

5 mM

0.9610 mL

4.8049 mL

9.6098 mL

10 mM

---

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

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Pureté et documentation

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Pureté: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

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Références

[1]. Verrelli D, et al. Hydroxycitric Acid Inhibits Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Growth through Activation of AMPK and mTOR Pathway. Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2669. Published 2022 Jun 27. [Content Brief]

[2]. Yang D, et al. Hydroxycitric acid inhibits ferroptosis and ameliorates benign prostatic hyperplasia by upregulating the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. World J Urol. 2025;43(1):318. Published 2025 May 20. [Content Brief]

[3]. Wang S, et al. Hydroxycitric Acid Tripotassium Hydrate Attenuates Monocrotaline and Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats. Int Heart J. 2024;65(2):318-328. [Content Brief]

[4]. Yang B, et al. Hydroxycitric acid prevents hyperoxaluric-induced nephrolithiasis and oxidative stress via activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Cell Cycle. 2023;22(17):1884-1899. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	4.8049 mL	24.0246 mL	48.0492 mL	120.1230 mL
DMSO	5 mM	0.9610 mL	4.8049 mL	9.6098 mL	24.0246 mL

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Hydroxycitric acid

1 Cited Publications

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Hydroxycitric acid

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