Ibudilast-d₇

A phagocytosis functional assay measures the ability of phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, or microglia/macrophages, to bind and internalize particulate targets including bacteria, yeast particles, beads, or myelin particles. Fluorescent flow-cytometry assays detect target uptake as fluorescence associated with gated phagocytes, while pH-sensitive dyes such as pHrodo increase signal in acidic phagosomal compartments and therefore preferentially report internalized particles rather than particles remaining outside the cell. Microscopy or high-content imaging can be used to confirm intracellular localization and, in some protocols, to follow uptake kinetics.

This protocol assesses in vitro neurotoxicity by combining neuronal viability, mitochondrial/metabolic activity, neurite outgrowth, and optional neuronal network function readouts. Calcein-AM or resazurin/PrestoBlue readouts estimate viable or metabolically active cells; βIII-tubulin immunofluorescence detects neuronal morphology and neurite networks; TMRE detects mitochondrial membrane potential; and MEA recordings detect functional changes in neuronal network activity.