Araliaceae

Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation.

20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main component of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits Na⁺ and hKv1.4 channel with IC₅₀s of 32.2±4.5 and 32.6±2.2 μM, respectively. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 also inhibits Aβ levels, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression.

Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity with an IC₅₀ of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .

Ginsenoside Rh2 (20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2) induces the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces cancer cell apoptosis in a multi-path manner.

Hederagenin is a triterpenoid saponin with orally active and antitumor activity. Hederagenin can inhibit the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB in cells induced by LPS stimulation. Hederagenin also increases ROS production in cancer cells, disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces apoptosis. Hederagenin also sensitizes cancer cells to Cisplatin (HY-17394) and Paclitaxel (HY-B0015), enhancing induced apoptosis. Hederagenin can also bind to SKP2, with K_D = 67.9 μM. Hederagenin also has preventive potential against alcoholic liver injury.

alpha-Hederin (α-Hederin), a monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponin, exhibits promising antitumor potential against a variety of human cancer cell lines. alpha-Hederin could inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of gastric cancer accompanied by glutathione decrement and reactive oxygen species generation via activating mitochondrial dependent pathway.

Ginsenoside Ra1 is a dammarane-type bisdesmosidic saponin present in the roots of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Ra1 is hydrolyzed by gut-derived β-D-xylosidase to Ginsenoside Rb2 (HY-N0040). Ginsenoside Ra1 inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced activation of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK).

Hederasaponin B is an orally active oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin and antiviral agent. Hederasaponin B is isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus, Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis, and the rhizomes of Souliea vaginata. Hederasaponin B inhibits the expression of the viral capsid protein VP2 and attenuates virus-induced cytopathic effects. Hederasaponin B exhibits activity against Enterovirus 71 subtypes C3 and C4a. Hederasaponin B shows no hepatoprotective effect against CCl₄-induced hepatocyte injury. Hederasaponin B is used in research on hand, foot, and mouth disease.

Notoginsenoside R1 (Sanchinoside R1), a saponin, is isolated from P. notoginseng. Notoginsenoside R1 exhibits anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-apoptosis activities. Notoginsenoside R1 provides cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Notoginsenoside R1 also provides neuroprotection in H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells.

Ginsenoside C-K, a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2. Ginsenoside C-K exhibits an inhibition against the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 in human liver microsomes with IC₅₀s of 32.0±3.6 μM and 63.6±4.2 μM, respectively.

Ginsenoside Rb2 is one of the main bioactive components of ginseng extracts. Rb2 can upregulate GPR120 gene expression. Ginsenoside Rb2 has antiviral effects.

Ginsenoside Re (Ginsenoside B2) is an extract from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Re decreases the β-amyloid protein (Aβ). Ginsenoside Re plays a role in antiinflammation through inhibition of JNK and NF-κB.

Ginsenoside Rk1 is a unique component created by processing the ginseng plant (mainly Sung Ginseng, SG) at high temperatures. Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-inflammatory effect, suppresses the activation of Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway and NF-κB. Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-tumor effect, antiplatelet aggregation activities, anti-insulin resistance, nephroprotective effect, antimicrobial effect, cognitive function enhancement, lipid accumulation reduction and prevents osteoporosis. Ginsenoside Rk1 induces cell apoptosis by triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and blocking PI3K/Akt pathway.

(20S)-Protopanaxatriol is a metabolite of ginsenoside. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol works through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor (ER), and is also a LXRα inhibitor. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol shows a broad spectrum of antitumor effects.

(20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 ((20R)-Propanaxadiol), one of the active compounds present in ginseng root, inhibits angiogenesis, and has anti-carcinogenic and antimetastatic effects.

20S-protopanaxadiol (aPPD) is a metabolite of ginseng saponins, inhibits Akt activity and induces apoptosis in various tumor cells.

Ginsenoside Rh1 (Prosapogenin A2) inhibits the expression of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.

Ginsenoside Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC₅₀ of 12.05±0.82 μM in HepG2 cells. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. Ginsenoside Rd also inhibits Ca²⁺ influx. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9, with IC₅₀s of 58.0±4.5 μM, 78.4±5.3 μM, 81.7±2.6 μM, and 85.1±9.1 μM, respectively.

Ginsenoside Rc, one of major Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, enhances GABA receptor_A (GABA_A)-mediated ion channel currents (I_GABA). Ginsenoside Rc inhibits the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β.

Daucosterol is an orally active natural sterol compound, which has anti-inflammatory, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Daucosterol inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inducing autophagy through ROS-dependent manner. Daucosterol also inhibits colon cancer growth by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell migration and invasion and targeting caspase signalling pathway.