Araliaceae Extract

Syringin (Eleutheroside B) is an active natural phenolic glycoside possessing various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-irradiation, anti-osteoporosis and anticancer activities. Syringin also can be used to enhance memory, relieve fatigue, improve human cognition and protect ischemia heart against cerebrovascular damage, etc.

Isofraxidin, a coumarin component from Acanthopanax senticosus, inhibits MMP-7 expression and cell invasion of human hepatoma cells. Isofraxidin inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hepatoma cells. Isofraxidin attenuates the expression of iNOS and COX-2, Isofraxidinalso inhibits TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex formation.

Eleutheroside E is an important component of ginseng that can be taken orally. Eleutheroside E has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and it helps reduce apoptosis in heart cells caused by hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) damage. Eleutheroside E can improve type 2 diabetes, enhance cognitive function, and has neuroprotective effects.

Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca²⁺ channel.

Ginsenoside Ro (Polysciasaponin P3; Chikusetsusaponin 5; Chikusetsusaponin V) exhibits a Ca²⁺-antagonistic antiplatelet effect with an IC₅₀ of 155 μM. Ginsenoside Ro reduces the production of TXA₂ more than it reduces the activities of COX-1 and TXAS.

Hederacoside C (Kalopanaxsaponin B) is an ingredient that can be obtained mainly from ivy leaves. Hederacoside C mediates inflammation by inhibiting activation of MAPK/NF-κB and its downstream signaling pathway. Hederacoside C has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity.

Ginsenoside Rg5 is the main component of Red ginseng and IGF-1R agonist. Ginsenoside Rg5 compets for the binding site of IGF-1R and blocks the binding of IGF-1 to IGF-1R (IC₅₀ about 90 nM). Ginsenoside Rg5 also inhibits the mRNA expression of COX-2 via suppression of the DNA binding activities of NF-κB p65.

Ginsenoside F2 is an orally active bioactive compound that participates in the regulation of metabolism and inflammation. Ginsenoside F2 promotes the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC, binds to PPARγ, inhibits the phosphorylation of MAPK, activates the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway, reduces GLRX expression, and regulates lipid metabolism. Ginsenoside F2 reduces ROS production and MDA levels, restores SOD activity in cells, and alleviates oxidative stress. Ginsenoside F2 induces cell apoptosis (Apoptosis) and increases the number of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells. Ginsenoside F2 reduces body weight gain, adipose tissue weight and serum lipid levels in obese mice, and activates the hepatic AMPK signaling pathway and the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Ginsenoside F2 alleviates atopic dermatitis in mice by inhibiting inflammation and reshaping the gut microbiota. Ginsenoside F2 is applicable to research related to insulin resistance, obesity, atopic dermatitis, liver cancer, glioblastoma and glioma.

Ginsenoside Rb3 is extracted from steamed Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside Rb3 exhibits inhibitory effect on TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC₅₀ of 8.2 μM in 293T cell lines. Ginsenoside Rb3 also inhibits the induction of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA.

Maltol, a type of aromatic compound, is an antioxidant agent. Maltol enhances neural function by mitigating oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. Maltol is an inhibitor of oxidative damage in nerve cells and is effective in preventing diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Maltol is used extensively as a safe flavoring agent and food preservative. Maltol is a metal ion chelator that can be used in the field of catalysis, cosmetics, and medicine.

Panaxatriol is an orally active dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpene sapogenin. Panaxatriol enhances the phosphorylation levels of Akt, insulin receptor and p70S6K in skeletal muscle. Panaxatriol reduces the mRNA expression level of Atrogin1 in skeletal muscle. Panaxatriol induces apoptosis, pre-G1 cell cycle arrest and increased intracellular ROS levels in prostate cancer cells, decreases mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibits cell migration and reduces colony formation. Panaxatriol can be used in research related to insulin resistance, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and prostate cancer^[1][2][3].

Ginsenoside Rg2 is one of the major active components of ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg2 inhibits VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expressions stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Ginsenoside Rg2 also reduces Aβ_1-42 accumulation.

Pseudoginsenoside F11 is an orally active neuroprotective agent. Pseudoginsenoside F11 reduces the expression of β-amyloid precursor protein, inhibits the production of Aβ_1-40, downregulates the expression of JNK2, p53 and activated Caspase 3, and restores the activities of SOD and Glutathione peroxidase. Pseudoginsenoside F11 inhibits the excessive activation of μ-Calpain and restores the level of neuronal Nitric oxide synthase. Pseudoginsenoside F11 reduces infarct volume, alleviates cerebral edema, decreases neuronal loss, improves neurological deficits and enhances long-term functional outcomes in transient cerebral ischemia models. Pseudoginsenoside F11 antagonizes Methamphetamine-induced behavioral deficits, dopamine level reduction and neurotoxicity without altering the baseline behaviors of normal mice. Pseudoginsenoside F11 can be used in studies related to Alzheimer's disease, transient cerebral ischemic injury and Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.

(20R)-Protopanaxadiol is a metabolite of ginsenosides. (20R)-Protopanaxadiol has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, but shows no significant cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. In addition, (20R)-Protopanaxadiol can inhibit the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG).

Panaxadiol (20(R)-Panaxadiol) is an orally active HIF-1α/STAT3 inhibitor. Panaxadiol can suppress HIF-1α and STAT3 then lead to downregulation of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Panaxadiol shows anticancer, cardioprotective, anti-arrhythmic, and antioxidative activities.

Dencichin is a non-protein amino acid originally extracted from Panax notoginseng, and can inhibit HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) activity.

Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside is an orally active derivative of Kaempferol. It exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidepressant effects. Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside is an inhibitor of the cell surface receptor toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4 for High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and it also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by blocking the activation of NF-κB expression and the production of TNF-α. Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside promotes the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and enhances autophagy by binding to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby exerting antidepressant effects. Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside holds promise for research in the fields of inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.

Calenduloside E is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin that can be extracted from the bark and roots of Aralia ovata, and has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Calenduloside E alleviates atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage polarization, improves mitochondrial function by regulating the AMPK-SIRT3 pathway, and alleviates acute liver injury. In addition, Calenduloside E promotes the interaction between L-type calcium channels and Bcl-2 related apoptosis genes, inhibits calcium overload, and alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Calenduloside E also improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating heat shock-dependent pathways, and inhibits ROS mediated JAK1-STAT3 pathways to reduce cellular inflammatory responses.

Notoginsenoside Ft1 is an orally active bioactive saponin. Notoginsenoside Ft1 inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, activates the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, and increases the proportion of CD8⁺ T cells, thereby inducing apoptosis and lysosomal cell death in various cancer cells, and promoting angiogenesis. Notoginsenoside Ft1 causes vasodilation by activating glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in endothelial cells. Notoginsenoside Ft1 increases intracellular Ca²⁺ accumulation, reduces cAMP levels by activating a signaling network mediated through P2Y₁₂ receptors, and promotes platelet aggregation, thereby exerting a procoagulant effect. Notoginsenoside Ft1 inhibits ferroptosis (ferroptosis) in renal tubular epithelial cells by activating the TGR5 receptor, thereby demonstrating a renal protective effect. Notoginsenoside Ft1 acts as a TGR5 agonist and an FXR antagonist to combat obesity and insulin resistance.

20(R)-Protopanaxatriol is a natural aglycone of ginsenosides Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2 and Rh.