Succinic acid
Based on 11 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Succinic acid is an anti-anxiety agent with oral activity. Disodium succinate is the salt form of Succinic acid. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid is an important platform chemical. Succinic acid can be used as surfactant, additive, ion chelating agent, flavoring agent and other applications in chemical, pharmaceutical and food fields.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 98.10%
- CAS No.: 110-15-6
- Formula: C4H6O4
- Molecular Weight:118.09
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Storage:
Store at room temperature 3 years.
In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Succinic acid
More- Nature. 2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. [Abstract]
- Cell Host Microbe. 2023 May 10;31(5):781-797.e9. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharm Sin B. 2024 Dec;14(12):5267-5285. [Abstract]
- Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2026 Apr 15;20(8):101789. [Abstract]
- Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025 Jul 23;16(1):399. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2026 Feb 25;45(3):117047. [Abstract]
- Inflamm Res. 2025 Nov 6;74(1):156. [Abstract]
- Oncol Res. 2026 Jan 19;34(2):25. [Abstract]
- Water Air Soil Pollut. 232, 473 (2021).
- J Proteomics. 2024 Apr 30:298:105155. [Abstract]
- Research Square Print. December 9th, 2022.
Customer Validation & Images
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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RT-PCR
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WB
All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
More
Biological Activity
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Microbial Metabolite |
Human Endogenous Metabolite |
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
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| HEK293 | EC50 |
107 μM
Compound: 1110
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Substrate uptake by the Na(+)/Dicarboxylate Cotransporter 3 (NADC3, SLC13A3) as assessed by the fluorescent FLIPR membrane potential dye in HEK-293 JumpIN-SLC13A3 cells
Substrate uptake by the Na(+)/Dicarboxylate Cotransporter 3 (NADC3, SLC13A3) as assessed by the fluorescent FLIPR membrane potential dye in HEK-293 JumpIN-SLC13A3 cells
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10.5281/zenodo.7360495 |
| HEK293 | EC50 |
107 μM
Compound: 1110
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Substrate uptake by the Na(+)/Dicarboxylate Cotransporter 3 (NADC3, SLC13A3) as assessed by the fluorescent FLIPR membrane potential dye in HEK-293 JumpIN-SLC13A3 cells (PubChem AID: 1794820)
Substrate uptake by the Na(+)/Dicarboxylate Cotransporter 3 (NADC3, SLC13A3) as assessed by the fluorescent FLIPR membrane potential dye in HEK-293 JumpIN-SLC13A3 cells (PubChem AID: 1794820)
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10.5281/zenodo.7360495 |
| Vero | IC50 |
1.3 nM
Compound: Succinic acid
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Anti-Herpes simplex virus type-1 activity in vero cells using plaque inhibition assay
Anti-Herpes simplex virus type-1 activity in vero cells using plaque inhibition assay
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[PMID: 10464017] |
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Elevated plus-maze test mice model[3]
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Dosage:3 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg
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Administration:Oral gavage (p.o.); Single dose
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Result:At doses of 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg significantly increased the percentage of mice that entered the open arm and the percentage of time that the open arm stayed.
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Animal Model:Food intake mice model[3]
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Dosage:3 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg
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Administration:Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.); Single dose
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Result:Significantly increased the mice's food intake within 5 minutes after administration.
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Animal Model:Stress-induced hyperthermia test mice model[3]
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Dosage:1.5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg
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Administration:Oral gavage (p.o.); Single dose
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Result:Inhibited stress-induced hyperthermia at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 110-15-6
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 118.09
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Formula C4H6O4
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O=C(O)CCC(O)=O
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Synonyms
Wormwood acid
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Store at room temperature 3 years
In solvent -80°C 2 years -20°C 1 year
Publications (11)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Nature
2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. PMID: 39695227 -
Cell Host Microbe
Fusobacterium nucleatum-derived succinic acid induces tumor resistance to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]2023 May 10;31(5):781-797.e9. PMID: 37130518
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Host Microbe. 2023 May 10;31(5):781-797.e9. [Abstract]
Relative mRNA expression of IFN-b and cGAS in LoVo cells treated with succinic acid (0.5 mM;24 h) or F. nucleatum supernatant
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Host Microbe. 2023 May 10;31(5):781-797.e9. [Abstract]
Representative immunoblotting of cGAS expression in HT29 and LoVo cells treated with succinic acid (0.5 mM; 24 h).
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Host Microbe. 2023 May 10;31(5):781-797.e9. [Abstract]
Relative mRNA expression of CCL5 and CXCL10 in LoVo cells treated with succinic acid (0.5 mM; 24 h) or F. nucleatum supernatant.
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Host Microbe. 2023 May 10;31(5):781-797.e9. [Abstract]
Relative expression of candidate transcriptional regulation elements in LoVo cells treated with succinic acid (0.5 mM; 24 h).
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Host Microbe. 2023 May 10;31(5):781-797.e9. [Abstract]
Relative cGAS mRNA expression in LoVo cells transfected with EZH2 siRNA, then treated with succinic acid (0.5 mM; 24 h).
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Acta Pharm Sin B
2024 Dec;14(12):5267-5285. PMID: 39807334
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharm Sin B. 2024 Dec;14(12):5267-5285. [Abstract]
After lowering the concentration of Disodium succinate from 2.5% to 2% in water for 2 weeks, the body weight of the WT mice rebounded, whereas that of the IKO mice remained the same. Changes in body weight after the administration of sodium succinate to WT and IKO mice (fed with HFD for 24 week).
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharm Sin B. 2024 Dec;14(12):5267-5285. [Abstract]
Oxygen consumption rate and energy expenditure (heat production) of HFD-fed WT and IKO mice after 4 weeks of Disodium succinate administration (2.5%), as measured by CLAMS.
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharm Sin B. 2024 Dec;14(12):5267-5285. [Abstract]
Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) after 4 weeks of 2.5% Disodium succinate administration to HFD-fed (24-week-old) WT and IKO mice.
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Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol
Microbial Monotherapy With Leuconostoc sp LB-P8 Improves Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mouse Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis by Inhibiting Transforming Growth Factor β1/SMAD Signaling. [Abstract]2026 Apr 15;20(8):101789. PMID: 41997362 -
Stem Cell Res Ther
From inflammation to healing: the crucial role of GPR91 activation and SDH inhibition in chronic diabetic wound recovery. [Abstract]2025 Jul 23;16(1):399. PMID: 40702577 -
Cell Rep
Streptococcus anginosus-generated succinate promotes the progression of gastric cancer via the succinate/SUCNR1/ABRAXAS1 axis. [Abstract]2026 Feb 25;45(3):117047. PMID: 41746808 -
Inflamm Res
PGC1α alleviates M1 macrophage polarization through dual regulation of succinate metabolism and TRAF5 expression to mitigate TLR4/NF-κB-driven inflammatory cascades and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. [Abstract]2025 Nov 6;74(1):156. PMID: 41196309 -
Oncol Res
SDHA Deficiency in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Promotes Tumor Progression through Succinate-Induced M2 Macrophage Polarization. [Abstract]2026 Jan 19;34(2):25. PMID: 41613800 -
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J Proteomics
Global proteomic analysis reveals lysine succinylation is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scar. [Abstract]2024 Apr 30:298:105155. PMID: 38460743 -
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Print. December 9th, 2022.
Disodium succinate (40 mM; 48 h) in ovaries were stripped from 21-day-old female KM mice elevated the global Ksuc level of mouse ovary cultured in vitro.
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Print. December 9th, 2022.
Disodium succinate (40 mM; 48 h) in ovaries were stripped from 21-day-old female KM mice showed the GCs in the ovaries of the succinate administration group were more sparsely arranged around the follicles compared to the control group.
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Print. December 9th, 2022.
Disodium succinate (40 mM; 48 h) in ovaries of 21-day-old female KM mice showed an increased staining in ovarian cells in the succinate group as compared with the control group.
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Print. December 9th, 2022.
Disodium succinate (40 mM; 48 h) in ovaries of 21-day-old female KM mice verified that B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) significantly decreased and Cleaved-caspase 3 significantly increased in succinate-treated ovaries, whereas BCL2-associated X (Bax) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) did not change significantly in mRNA levels.
Succinic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Print. December 9th, 2022.
Disodium succinate (40 mM; 48 h) in ovaries of 21-day-old female KM mice verified that B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) significantly decreased and Cleaved-caspase 3 significantly increased in succinate-treated ovaries, whereas BCL2-associated X (Bax) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) did not change significantly in protein levels.
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (846.81 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : 30 mg/mL (254.04 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (23.29 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (27.5 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (23.29 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (27.5 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 32.5 mg/mL (275.21 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (276 KB)
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SDS (476 KB)
- English - EN (476 KB)
- Français - FR (476 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (476 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (476 KB)
- Español - ES (476 KB)
- Swedish - SV (476 KB)
- Italian - IT (476 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (476 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Zhang YJ, et al. Optimization of succinic acid fermentation with Actinobacillus succinogenes by response surface methodology (RSM). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2012 Feb;13(2):103-10. [Content Brief]
[2]. A T JOHNS, et al. The production of propionic acid by decarboxylation of succinic acid in a bacterial fermentation. Biochem J. 1948;42(1):ii. [Content Brief]
[3]. Si Wei Chen, Anxiolytic-like effect of succinic acid in mice. Life Sci. 2003 Nov 7;73(25):3257-64. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
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| H2O / DMSO | 1 mM | 8.4681 mL | 42.3406 mL | 84.6812 mL | 211.7029 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.6936 mL | 8.4681 mL | 16.9362 mL | 42.3406 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8468 mL | 4.2341 mL | 8.4681 mL | 21.1703 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.5645 mL | 2.8227 mL | 5.6454 mL | 14.1135 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.4234 mL | 2.1170 mL | 4.2341 mL | 10.5851 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.3387 mL | 1.6936 mL | 3.3872 mL | 8.4681 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.2823 mL | 1.4114 mL | 2.8227 mL | 7.0568 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.2117 mL | 1.0585 mL | 2.1170 mL | 5.2926 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1694 mL | 0.8468 mL | 1.6936 mL | 4.2341 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.1411 mL | 0.7057 mL | 1.4114 mL | 3.5284 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.1059 mL | 0.5293 mL | 1.0585 mL | 2.6463 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0847 mL | 0.4234 mL | 0.8468 mL | 2.1170 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
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