Leptin

Leptin is a 16-kDa adipocyte-derived hormone of the long-chain helical cytokine family whose plasma levels track body fat stores. Discovered through the obese ob/ob mouse, leptin conveys an adiposity signal to the arcuate nucleus: it binds the long leptin receptor isoform, activates JAK2/STAT3 signaling and stimulates POMC/CART neurons while inhibiting NPY/AgRP cells, suppressing appetite and raising energy expenditure. Leptin also gates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and thyroid axes, links starvation to infertility, and modulates immune responses. Most human obesity features leptin resistance rather than deficiency, although rare LEP mutations cause severe early-onset obesity that responds dramatically to recombinant leptin (metreleptin) therapy.