Apoptosis Dyes

JC-1 (CBIC2) is an ideal fluorescent probe widely used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential. JC-1 accumulates in mitochondria in a potential dependent manner and can be used to detect the membrane potential of cells or purified mitochondria. In normal mitochondria, JC-1 aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix to form a polymer, which emits strong red fluorescence (Ex=585 nm, Em=590 nm); When the mitochondrial membrane potential is low, JC-1 cannot aggregate in the matrix of mitochondria and produce green fluorescence (ex=510 nm, em= 527 nm).

Propidium Iodide (PI) is a nuclear staining agent that stains DNA. Propidium Iodide is an analogue of ethidine bromide that emits red fluorescence upon embedding in double-stranded DNA. Propidium Iodide cannot pass through living cell membranes, but it can pass through damaged cell membranes to stain the nucleus. Propidium Iodide has a fluorescence wavelength of 493/617 nm and a wavelength of 536/635 nm after Mosaic with DNA. Propidium Iodide is commonly used in the detection of apoptosis (apoptosis) or necrosis (necrosis), and is often used in flow cytometry analysis.

Thiazolyl Blue (MTT) is a cell-permeable and positively charged tetrazolium dye that is used to detect reductive metabolism in cells. Thiazolyl Blue is taken up by cells through the plasma membrane and then reduced to formazan by intracellular NAD (P) H-oxidoreductases. Thiazolyl Blue is frequently used in colorimetric assays to measure cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis.

FITC-Dextran (MW 40000) is a fluorescent probe for fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran (Ex=495 nm; Em=525 nm). FITC-Dextran (MW 40000) can be used as a marker to reveal heat shock-induced cell damage and to study the early and late stages of apoptosis. FITC-Dextran (MW 40000) can also be used for cell permeability studies, such as blood-brain barrier permeability and determination of the extent of blood-brain barrier disruption.

Calcein AM, has cell membrane permeability and can easily enter the cell. Calcein AM has no fluorescence and is hydrolyzed by endogenous esterase in the cell to produce polar molecule Calcein (Calcein), which has strong negative charge and cannot permeate the cell membrane. Calcein can emit strong green fluorescence, so it is often used with Propidium Iodide for cell viability/virulence detection, excitation/emission wavelength: 494/515 nm.

5X Annexin Binding Buffer is a concentrated buffer specifically designed for apoptosis detection. It promotes the binding of Annexin V to phosphatidylserine.

AF 594 Annexin V is an AF 594-labeled annexin V, used to label early apoptotic cells and detect the occurrence of apoptosis (Ex/Em = 590/617 nm).

AF 568 Annexin V is an AF 568-labeled annexin V, used to label early apoptotic cells and detect the occurrence of apoptosis (Ex/Em = 579/603 nm).

FITC-Dextran (MW 150000) is a fluorescent probe for fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran (Ex=491 nm; Em=518 nm). FITC-Dextran (MW 150000) can be used as a marker to reveal heat shock-induced cell damage and to study the early and late stages of apoptosis. FITC-Dextran (MW 150000) can be used in perfusion studies in animals or in fluorescence microlymphography, to study processes that affect the permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB). FITC-Dextran (MW 150000) can be used as fluorescent probe to study cell permeability.

Diphenyl Blue (Trypan Blue) is a cell active dye, the most commonly used dye for the identification of dead cells, of en used to test cell membrane integrity and cell viability. Diphenyl Blue staining is one of the methods for tissue and cell culture. When cells are deactivated or have incomplete cell membranes, Diphenyl Blue can stain them Blue. Normal living cells with intact cell membranes reject Diphenyl blue and do not stain them blue. However, macrophages are capable of phagocytosis of Diphenyl Blue, so it can be used as a living stain for macrophages.

7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) a cell-impermeant fluorescent DNA stain, is a potent RNA polymerase inhibitor. 7-Aminoactinomycin D selectively binds to GC regions of the DNA. 7-Aminoactinomycin D also has antibacterial effects.

Calcium Green 1AM is a cell-permeant fluorescent calcium indicator (Excitation 506 nm; Emission 531 nm). Calcium Green 1AM is converted to the fluorescent calcium indicator by intracellular esterases.

AF 555 Annexin V is an AF 555-labeled annexin V, used to label early apoptotic cells and detect the occurrence of apoptosis (Ex/Em = 552/566 nm).

AF 700 Annexin V is an AF 700-labeled annexin V, used to label early apoptotic cells and detect the occurrence of apoptosis (Ex/Em = 702/723 nm).

AF 660 Annexin V is an AF 660-labeled annexin V, used to label early apoptotic cells and detect the occurrence of apoptosis (Ex/Em = 668/698 nm).

AF 647 Annexin V is an AF 647-labeled annexin V, used to label early apoptotic cells and detect the occurrence of apoptosis (Ex/Em = 650/665 nm).

R-PE Annexin V is a R-PE-labeled annexin V, used to label early apoptotic cells and detect the occurrence of apoptosis (Ex/Em = 496/578 nm).

Fluorescein Annexin V is a Fluorescein-labeled annexin V, used to label early apoptotic cells and detect the occurrence of apoptosis (Ex/Em = 488/525 nm).

Cy5 Annexin V is a Cy5-labeled annexin V, used to label early apoptotic cells and detect the occurrence of apoptosis (Ex/Em = 646/664 nm).

Cy3 Annexin V is a Cy3-labeled annexin V, used to label early apoptotic cells and detect the occurrence of apoptosis (Ex/Em = 554/568 nm).