Cat. No.: HY-15917

DL-Dithiothreitol

(Synonyms: DTT; rel-(2R,3R)-1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol)

45 Cited Publications

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Based on 45 publication(s) in Google Scholar

DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT) is a strong reductant with anti-disulfidptosis activity. When DL-Dithiothreitol is oxidized, it forms a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond.

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Pureté: 98.31%
CAS No.: 3483-12-3
Formule: C₄H₁₀O₂S₂
Masse moléculaire:154.25

Stockage:

4°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light, stored under nitrogen)

DL-Dithiothreitol Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 3483-12-3

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Activité biologique
- Description
- In Vitro
Chemical Information
Publications (45)
Solvant et solubilité
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Pureté et documentation
Références
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Activité biologique

Description

DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT) is a strong reductant with anti-disulfidptosis activity. When DL-Dithiothreitol is oxidized, it forms a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond^[1]^[2].

In Vitro

DL-Dithiothreitol is widely used in biochemistry works to reduce dissulfide bridges, protect biomolecules, in sample preparation, and to denature proteins before electrophoresis analysis (SDS-PAGE).
DL-Dithiothreitol (0.5 mM) prevents dithiothreitol stress and inhibits dithiothreitol cell death in DLD-1 and HCT116 cells under glucose starvation^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 3483-12-3
Appearance Solid
Masse moléculaire 154.25
Formule C₄H₁₀O₂S₂
Color White to off-white
SMILES

SC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CS
Synonyms

DTT; rel-(2R,3R)-1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol
Livraison

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Stockage

4°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light, stored under nitrogen)

Publications (45)

All Cell Imaging/StainingWBFlow Cytometry

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Journal Impact Factor

Adv Mater

Light-Driven Artificial Cell Micromotors for Degenerative Knee Osteoarthritis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;37(17):e2416349. PMID: 40025988
Nat Commun

Catalytic Proximal Protein Oligomerization as an Anti-Tumor Strategy Targeting WDR5. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 13;17(1):3879. PMID: 41820364
Autophagy

ESCRT III-mediated lysosomal repair improve renal tubular cell injury in cisplatin-induced AKI. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 28. PMID: 40152606
Autophagy

EPG-5 regulates TGFB/TGF-β and WNT signalling by modulating retrograde endocytic trafficking. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 28. PMID: 40152605
Theranostics

Energy competition remodels the metabolic glucose landscape of psoriatic epidermal cells. [Abstract]

2024 May 27;14(8):3339-3357. PMID: 38855186
Allergy

Role for Complement C5 in Eosinophilic Inflammation of Severe Asthma. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 16. PMID: 40524528
Cell Death Dis

Homocysteine interferes with Ndufa1 leading to mitochondrial dysfunction through repression of the NAD+/Sirt1 pathway in the brain: a possible link between hyperhomocysteinemia and neurodegeneration. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 7;16(1):499. PMID: 40624018
Cell Death Dis

Prostate cancer exploits BRD9-driven metabolic reprogramming to shape the aggressive phenotype. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 22;16(1):326. PMID: 40263302
Cell Death Dis

HRD1-induced TMEM2 ubiquitination promotes ER stress-mediated apoptosis through a non-canonical pathway in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 20;15(2):154. PMID: 38378757
Cell Death Dis

Inhibition of p38 MAPK or immunoproteasome overcomes resistance of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to Bcl-2 antagonist venetoclax. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 8;13(10):860. PMID: 36209148
Cell Commun Signal

Chemo-proteomics reveals dihydrocaffeic acid exhibits anti-inflammation effects via Transaldolase 1 mediated PERK-NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 5;23(1):65. PMID: 39910568
Int J Biol Macromol

Targeting glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase-driven acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 crotonylation dysregulates cholesterol metabolism in pancreatic cancer cells. [Abstract]

2026 Jan;335(Pt 2):149182. PMID: 41285334
Phytomedicine

The cardiac glycoside periplocymarin sensitizes gastric cancer to ferroptosis via the ATP1A1-Src-YAP/TAZ-TFRC axis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 24:142:156804. PMID: 40311597
EMBO Mol Med

Sigma-1 receptor attenuates osteoclastogenesis by promoting ER-associated degradation of SERCA2. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 7;14(7):e15373. PMID: 35611810
Free Radic Biol Med

A novel crosstalk between Nrf2 and Smad2/3 bridged by two nuanced Keap1 isoforms with their divergent effects on these distinct family transcription factors. [Abstract]

2024 Mar:213:190-207. PMID: 38242246
Cell Rep

VCPIP1 potentiates innate immune responses by non-catalytically reducing the ubiquitination of IRAK1/2. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 27;44(7):115931. PMID: 40581931
Cell Rep

YTHDF1 phase separation triggers the fate transition of spermatogonial stem cells by activating the IκB-NF-κB-CCND1 axis. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 14;42(4):112403. PMID: 37060562
Neural Regen Res

Disulfidptosis contributes to rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuron damage. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 30. PMID: 41169225
Commun Chem

Stepped collisional energy improves protein acylation identification by eliminating positional bias of cyclic immonium ions. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 9. PMID: 41366033
J Ethnopharmacol

Berberine directly targets AKR1B10 protein to modulate lipid and glucose metabolism disorders in NAFLD. [Abstract]

2024 May 16:118354. PMID: 38762210
J Chem Inf Model

Integrated Machine Learning and Structure-Based Virtual Screening Identify Osimertinib as a TNIK Inhibitor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 25. PMID: 40999821
Inflammation

Sirtuin1 Deficiency Could Exacerbate Melanocyte Apoptosis Under Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. [Abstract]

2025 Oct;48(5):3146-3155. PMID: 39921788

DL-Dithiothreitol purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Inflammation. 2025 Oct;48(5):3146-3155. [Abstract]

The melanocytes were treated with TM (3 μM), thapsigargin (1 μM), or DTT (1 mM) for 24 h to induce ER stress. Increased expression of PERK, IRE1α, and CHOP.

DL-Dithiothreitol purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Inflammation. 2025 Oct;48(5):3146-3155. [Abstract]

The melanocytes were treated with TM (3 μM), thapsigargin (1 μM), or DTT (1 mM) for 24 h to induce ER stress.

DL-Dithiothreitol purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Inflammation. 2025 Oct;48(5):3146-3155. [Abstract]

The melanocytes were treated with TM (3 μM), thapsigargin (1 μM), or DTT (1 mM) for 24 h to induce ER stress. ER stress induced an increase in the apoptosis of melanocytes.

DL-Dithiothreitol purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Inflammation. 2025 Oct;48(5):3146-3155. [Abstract]

Decreased Sirt1 protein levels in melanocytes after 24 h treatment with TM (3 μM), TG (1 μM), and DTT(1 mM).
Int J Oncol

Diverse roles of SERPINE1 in regulating cellular proliferation and invasion. [Abstract]

2026 May;68(5):58. PMID: 41823537
Bioorg Chem

A mitochondria-targeting glutathione fluorescent probe reveals distinct mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact between disulfidptosis and ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 24:169:109437. PMID: 41453306
FEBS J

HAX1 mediates SARS-CoV-2 spike-triggered unfolded protein response in host cells. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 26. PMID: 40568888
iScience

Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase ameliorates renal injury in IgA nephropathy by restoring epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 1;29(6):116200. PMID: 42256278
J Inflamm Res

2026 Jan 5;19:1-20.
iScience

Argonaute 2 inhibits RIG-I signaling via competition for viral RNA binding. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 19;28(9):113391. PMID: 40949099
iScience

AF6 regulates intestinal IgA via crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells in inflammatory bowel disease. [Abstract]

2025 May 13;28(7):112658. PMID: 40687779
Transl Oncol

Exploring the role of disulfidptosis-related signatures in immune microenvironment, prognosis and therapeutic strategies of cervical cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Jun:44:101938. PMID: 38492499
Cell Signal

GNE-493 suppresses gastric cancer development by targeting NAT10-mediated ac4C modification of HK2. [Abstract]

2026 Jul:143:112441. PMID: 41724309
Cell Signal

Hydrogen sulfide alleviates vascular smooth muscle cell senescence by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. [Abstract]

2025 Nov:135:112075. PMID: 40840764
Heliyon

eIF2α-mediated integrated stress response links multiple intracellular signaling pathways to reprogram vascular smooth muscle cell fate in carotid artery plaque. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 23;10(5):e26904. PMID: 38434290
IUBMB Life

Bioinformatics-Based Exploration of LMO4-Regulated Hippo Pathway to Reverse Adriamycin Resistance in Breast Cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Aug;77(8):e70033. PMID: 40785591
Bioorg Med Chem

Discovery of novel tropomyosin receptor kinase A inhibitors by virtual screening merging ligand-based and structure-based methods. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 1:130:118381. PMID: 40946432
Vet Microbiol

The PERK-eIF2α branch activates the NLRP3 inflammasome through the NF-κB signaling pathway to suppress NDV replication. [Abstract]

2026 May:316:110968. PMID: 41793984
Vet Microbiol

Pseudorabies virus infection inhibits stress granules formation via dephosphorylating eIF2α. [Abstract]

2020 Aug:247:108786. PMID: 32768230

DL-Dithiothreitol purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Vet Microbiol. 2020 Aug:247:108786. [Abstract]

Vero cells were infected with PRV HB1201(0.1 MOI) for 12 h, followed by treatment with 0.5 mM AS for 30 min or 2 mM DTT for 1 h, respectively.
STAR Protoc

Preparation of chaperone-loaded neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles to reduce protein aggregation in Huntington's disease cellular models. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 17;4(1):102134. PMID: 36861837
bioRxiv

2026 Jun 2.
bioRxiv

2025 Sep 3.
Res Sq

2025 Feb 16.
Res Sq

2024 Nov 10.
bioRxiv

2024 Jan 7.
Research Square Preprint

2023 Nov 3.
Research Square Print

September 9th, 2022.

Solvant et solubilité

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (648.30 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

6.4830 mL

32.4149 mL

64.8298 mL

5 mM

1.2966 mL

6.4830 mL

12.9660 mL

10 mM

0.6483 mL

3.2415 mL

6.4830 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light, stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Calculateur de molarité

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Calculateur de dilution

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.21 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.21 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.21 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 100 mg/mL (648.30 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Pureté et documentation

Select Batch:

Pureté: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Fiche technique (271 KB)
SDS (614 KB)
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- Portuguese - PT (614 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
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Instruction de manipulation (2659 KB)

Références

[1]. Dithiothreitol, From Wikipedia

[2]. Yao H, et al. Establishment of disulfidptosis-related LncRNA signature as biomarkers in colon adenocarcinoma[J]. Cancer Cell International, 2024, 24(1): 183. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	6.4830 mL	32.4149 mL	64.8298 mL	162.0746 mL
	5 mM	1.2966 mL	6.4830 mL	12.9660 mL	32.4149 mL
	10 mM	0.6483 mL	3.2415 mL	6.4830 mL	16.2075 mL
	15 mM	0.4322 mL	2.1610 mL	4.3220 mL	10.8050 mL
	20 mM	0.3241 mL	1.6207 mL	3.2415 mL	8.1037 mL
	25 mM	0.2593 mL	1.2966 mL	2.5932 mL	6.4830 mL
	30 mM	0.2161 mL	1.0805 mL	2.1610 mL	5.4025 mL
	40 mM	0.1621 mL	0.8104 mL	1.6207 mL	4.0519 mL
	50 mM	0.1297 mL	0.6483 mL	1.2966 mL	3.2415 mL
	60 mM	0.1080 mL	0.5402 mL	1.0805 mL	2.7012 mL
	80 mM	0.0810 mL	0.4052 mL	0.8104 mL	2.0259 mL
	100 mM	0.0648 mL	0.3241 mL	0.6483 mL	1.6207 mL

Keywords

DL-Dithiothreitol

45 Cited Publications

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DL-Dithiothreitol

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) DL-Dithiothreitol

Activité biologique

Chemical Information

Publications (45)

Solvant et solubilité

Pureté et documentation

Références

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

DL-Dithiothreitol Related Classifications

HY-15917 Related Classifications