Cardiovascular System Disease Models

Norepinephrine (Levarterenol; L-Noradrenaline) bitartrate monohydrate is a potent adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist. Norepinephrine activates α₁, α₂, β₁ receptors.

Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is an adrenocortin, acts as a precursor to aldosterone. Deoxycorticosterone acetate is a mineralocorticoid receptor agonist. Deoxycorticosterone acetate can cause severe renal injury, including inflammation, fibrosis, glomerular damage, and proteinuria.

Argatroban (MD-805) is a direct, selective thrombin inhibitor.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.

Norepinephrine (Levarterenol; L-Noradrenaline) tartrate is a potent adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist. Norepinephrine tartrate activates α₁, α₂, β₁ receptors.

FK-565 is a synthetic immunomodulatory peptide with a nucleotide oligomerization domain-1 (NOD1) ligand. FK-565 can activate macrophages, NK cells, and peritoneal exudative cells, enhancing the innate immune response. FK-565 has antiviral activity against a variety of viruses in vivo, and its effect is achieved through immunomodulation rather than direct viral inhibition. FK-565 can induce mouse models of arteritis and coronary arteritis (Kawasaki disease-like disease) through a NOD1-mediated mechanism. FK-565 can be used for research on viral infections and inflammatory vascular diseases.

κ-Carrageenan is a natural polymer which predominantly available in red seaweeds. κ-Carrageenan is an effective agent carrier to deliver curcumin in cancer cells and to induce apoptosis. κ-carrageenan serves as a potential inflammatory agent that magnifies existing intestinal inflammation.

Angiotensin II human (Angiotensin II) TFA is a vasoconstrictor and a major bioactive peptide of the renin/angiotensin system. Angiotensin II human TFA plays a central role in regulating human blood pressure, which is mainly mediated by interactions between Angiotensin II and the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). Angiotensin II human TFA stimulates sympathetic nervous stimulation, increases aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions. Angiotensin II human TFA induces growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, increases collagen type I and III synthesis in fibroblasts, leading to thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, and fibrosis. Angiotensin II human TFA also induces apoptosis. Angiotensin II human TFA induces capillary formation from endothelial cells via the LOX-1 dependent redox-sensitive pathway.

Argatroban (monohydrate) (MD-805 (monohydrate)) is a direct, selective thrombin inhibitor.

Methylthiouracil is an antithyroid agent. Methylthiouracil suppresses the production TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2.

Doxorubicin (Hydroxydaunorubicin), a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic, is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Doxorubicin is a potent human DNA topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. Doxorubicin reduces basal phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin induces apoptosis and autophagy.

L-NAME inhibits NOS with an IC₅₀ of 70 μM. L-NAME is a precursor to NOS inhibitor L-NOARG which has an IC₅₀ value of 1.4 μM. L-NAME requires hydrolysis of the methyl ester by cellular esterases to become a fully functional inhibitor. L-NAME can be used to induce hypertension and preeclampsia models.