Cylindrospermopsin
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Cylindrospermopsin, a cyanotoxin, is a polycyclic uracil derivative containing guanidine and sulfate groups, which can inhibit protein synthesis and covalently modify DNA or RNA. Cylindrospermopsin induces hepatocellular hypertrophy, renal cellular hypertrophy, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA strand breaks, mitochondrial hyperpolarisation, ultrastructural damage, and altered gene expression in liver, kidney, and intestinal cells. Cylindrospermopsin can be used in research including hepatocellular carcinoma and water quality testing.
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- Purity: 98.76%
- CAS No.: 143545-90-8
- 화학식: C15H21N5O7S
- 분자량:415.42
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보관:Powder -20°C, 3 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
- 순도&문서
- References
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Help & FAQs
All DNA/RNA Synthesis Isoforms
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Biological Activity
Cylindrospermopsin induces micronucleus formation and whole chromosome loss in transformed human lymphoblastoid cells in vitro, indicating mutagenicity[2].
Cylindrospermopsin (0.3-40 μg/mL; 24-48 h) induces concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells, with MTS reduction being the most sensitive endpoint (EC50 of 2.5 μg/mL at 24 h and 0.6 μg/mL at 48 h)[3].
Cylindrospermopsin (0.625-2.5 μg/mL; 24 h) modulates oxidative stress markers in Caco-2 cells, increasing ROS at 1.25 μg/mL and GCS activity and GSH content at 2.5 μg/mL after 24 h exposure[3].
Cylindrospermopsin (0.625-2.5 μg/mL; 24-48 h) induces ultrastructural morphological alterations in Caco-2 cells at both 0.625 μg/mL and 2.5 μg/mL after 24 h and 48 h exposure, including nucleolar segregation, mitochondrial damage, and lipid degeneration[3].
Cylindrospermopsin (0.05-0.5 μg/mL; up to 5 h) induces dose- and time-dependent intracellular ROS formation in HepG2 cells, with a ~5-fold increase at 0.5 μg/mL after 5 h of exposure[4].
Cylindrospermopsin (0.125-0.5 μg/mL; 4, 12, 24 h) induces non-oxidative DNA strand breaks in HepG2 cells at 0.25 and 0.5 μg/mL after 12 and 24 h of exposure, with no oxidative DNA damage detected[4].
Cylindrospermopsin (0.125-0.5 μg/mL; 12, 24 h) does not induce apoptosis or increase cell death in HepG2 cells at concentrations up to 0.5 μg/mL after 12 or 24 h of exposure[4].
Cylindrospermopsin (0.25-0.5 μg/mL; 12, 24 h) induces mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization in HepG2 cells at 0.25 and 0.5 μg/mL after 12 h, and at 0.5 μg/mL after 24 h of exposure[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells
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Concentration:0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μg/mL
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Incubation Time:24 h; 48 h
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Result:Reduced total protein content by up to 50% at 40 μg/mL (24 h) and above 2.5 μg/mL (48 h). Decreased neutral red uptake by up to 45% at highest concentrations (24 h) and significantly at 5 μg/mL (48 h). Showed progressive concentration-dependent decreases in MTS reduction; reduced viability by about 90% at 40 μg/mL. Reported EC50 values for MTS reduction of 2.5 μg/mL (24 h) and 0.6 μg/mL (48 h).
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Cell Line:HepG2
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Concentration:0.125-0.5 μg/mL
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Incubation Time:12, 24 h
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Result:Observed no significant differences in total cell death (Annexin V or PI positive cells) or the number of early/late apoptotic cells.
Cylindrospermopsin (500-1500 mg/kg; p.o.; 1-3 doses separated by 2 weeks) shows potential tumour initiation activity in mice, with a relative risk of 6.2 for neoplastic processes[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:CD-1 (Swiss-Webster) (male and female, 30 days old at dosing start)[1]
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Dosage:75, 150, 300 μg/kg/d
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Administration:p.o.; daily; 90 days
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Result:Increased absolute and relative liver weights and kidney weights at all doses in males and at 150, 300 μg/kg/d in females; increased absolute and relative testes weights at 300 μg/kg/d in males. Elevated male ALT activity by 64% at 300 μg/kg/d; decreased male BUN at all doses; decreased male cholesterol at 150, 300 μg/kg/d; decreased male triglycerides at 300 μg/kg/d; elevated female ALP activity by 38% at 300 μg/kg/d. Decreased male hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte count at 300 μg/kg/d; increased male leukocyte count at 300 μg/kg/d; increased male lymphocyte count at 75, 300 μg/kg/d; increased male monocyte count at 75, 300 μg/kg/d; increased female monocyte count at 300 μg/kg/d. Induced significant liver lesions (hepatic cord distortion, hepatocyte hypertrophy, cell death, inflammation, pigment accumulation) in all treated groups; induced significant kidney lesions (tubule dilation, basophilia, intraluminal protein, epithelial alteration, nuclear crowding, outer medulla thinning) in all male doses and 150, 300 μg/kg/d in females.
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Animal Model:Swiss Albino (male, 20-30 g)[2]
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Dosage:1500 mg/kg; 500 mg/kg
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Administration:p.o.; 1 or 2 doses (1500 mg/kg) separated by 2 weeks; 3 doses (500 mg/kg) separated by 2 weeks
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Result:Detected neoplastic processes in 5 of 53 treated mice, including 2 hepatocellular dysplastic foci, 1 fibroblastic osteosarcoma, 1 hepatocellular carcinoma, and 1 follicular centre cell lymphoma; calculated a relative risk of 6.2 compared to saline-treated controls.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 143545-90-8
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Appearance Solid
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분자량 415.42
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화학식 C15H21N5O7S
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Color White to light yellow
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SMILES
O[C@H]([C@]1([H])N=C2N([C@@](CN2)([H])[C@@H](C)[C@@H](OS(=O)(O)=O)C3)[C@@]3([H])C1)C(NC4=O)=CC(N4)=O
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Initial Source
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
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선적
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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보관
Powder -20°C 3 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
순도&문서
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Data Sheet (282 KB)
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SDS (644 KB)
- English - EN (644 KB)
- Français - FR (644 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (644 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (644 KB)
- Español - ES (644 KB)
- Swedish - SV (644 KB)
- Italian - IT (644 KB)
- Korean - KR (644 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (644 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Chernoff N, et al. Cylindrospermopsin toxicity in mice following a 90-d oral exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2018;81(13):549-566. [Content Brief]
[2]. Falconer IR, et al. Preliminary evidence for in vivo tumour initiation by oral administration of extracts of the blue-green alga cylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing the toxin cylindrospermopsin. Environ Toxicol. 2001;16(2):192-195. [Content Brief]
[3]. Gutiérrez-Praena D, et al. Biochemical and pathological toxic effects induced by the cyanotoxin Cylindrospermopsin on the human cell line Caco-2. Water Res. 2012;46(5):1566-1575. [Content Brief]
[4]. Štraser A, et al. The influence of cylindrospermopsin on oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells. Chemosphere. 2013;92(1):24-30. [Content Brief]
Calculators
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
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