Cat. No.: HY-W012980

Isovaleric acid

1 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Isovaleric acid is an oral active short-chain fatty acid that inhibits osteoclast differentiation by stimulating AMPK phosphorylation and promotes colonic smooth muscle relaxation by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway. Isovaleric acid can be used in research on skeletal diseases (such as osteoporosis) and intestinal disorders.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 97.0%
CAS No.: 503-74-2
Formula: C₅H₁₀O₂
Molecular Weight:102.13

Storage:

Store at room temperature 3 years.

In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year

Isovaleric acid Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 503-74-2

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Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (1)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

Microbial Metabolite

Human Endogenous Metabolite

All AMPK Isoforms :

All PKA Isoforms :

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

In Vitro

Isovaleric acid (5.0 mM, 1 h) reduces Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in synaptic membranes from cerebral cortex of Wistar rats (40 days old)^[2].
Isovaleric acid (200 μM, 5 days) inhibits RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand)-induced osteoclast (OC) differentiation by promoting AMPK phosphorylation^[3].
Isovaleric acid (200 μM, 3 days) has an inhibitory effect on the expression of osteoclast (OC)-related genes^[3].
Isovaleric acid (1-100 μM, 1 or 5 min) alleviates acetylcholine-induced colonic smooth muscle contraction by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Western Blot Analysis^[3]

Cell Line:

RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand) -induced multinucleated osteoclasts (OCs) (Derived from mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs))
Concentration:

200 μM
Incubation Time:

3 or 5 days
Result:

Inhibited the protein expression of OC-related protein such as RANK, TRAF6, NFATc1 and c-fos.
Upregulated the expression of phosphorylated AMPK.

Real Time qPCR^[3]

Cell Line:

RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand) -induced multinucleated osteoclasts (OCs) (Derived from mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs))
Concentration:

200 μM
Incubation Time:

3 days
Result:

Significantly decreased the expression of OC-related genes including RANK, Blimp1, TRAF6, c-fos and NFATc1.
Downregulated the expression of fusogenic genes including OC-STAMP, DC-STAMP and Atp6v0d2.

In Vivo

Isovaleric acid (administered via drinking water at 75 or 150 mM, once daily for 32 days) ameliorates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in an ovariectomized mouse model by inhibiting osteoclast (OC) differentiation^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis C57BL/6 mice model (8 weeks old)^[3]
Dosage:

75 or 150 mM
Administration:

Oral gavage (p.o.) (Isovaleric acid was added to drinking water), once daily for 32 days
Result:

Reduced weight gain in Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis C57BL/6 mice, enhanced the expression of OC-related genes, including NFATc1, Ctsk, and TRAP, and decreased the pore area in bone tissue.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 503-74-2
Appearance Liquid (Density: 0.926 g/cm³)
Molecular Weight 102.13
Formula C₅H₁₀O₂
Color Colorless to light yellow
SMILES

CC(C)CC(O)=O
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
- Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites
- Microorganisms
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Store at room temperature 3 years

In solvent	-80°C	2 years
	-20°C	1 year

Publications (1)

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Journal Impact Factor

NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes

Gut microbiota-derived isovaleric acid ameliorates influenza virus infection via gut-lung axis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 1;11(1):116. PMID: 40593739

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

H₂O : 100 mg/mL (979.14 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (979.14 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

9.7914 mL

48.9572 mL

97.9144 mL

5 mM

1.9583 mL

9.7914 mL

19.5829 mL

10 mM

0.9791 mL

4.8957 mL

9.7914 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

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Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.48 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.48 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.48 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 100 mg/mL (979.14 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact

MedChemExpress (MCE) .

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (276 KB)
SDS (477 KB)
- English - EN (477 KB)
- Français - FR (477 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (477 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (477 KB)
- Español - ES (477 KB)
- Swedish - SV (477 KB)
- Italian - IT (477 KB)
- Korean - KR (477 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (477 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Ackman RG, et al. Birthweights in the Faroe Islands: possible role of isovaleric acid. J Intern Med. 1989 Feb;225(2):73-5. [Content Brief]

[2]. Ribeiro C A J, et al. Isovaleric acid reduces Na+, K+-ATPase activity in synaptic membranes from cerebral cortex of young rats[J]. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 2007, 27: 529-540. [Content Brief]

[3]. Cho K M, et al. Isovaleric acid ameliorates ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation[J]. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2021, 25(9): 4287-4297. [Content Brief]

[4]. Blakeney BA, et al. Branched Short-Chain Fatty Acid Isovaleric Acid Causes Colonic Smooth Muscle Relaxation via cAMP/PKA Pathway. Dig Dis Sci. 2019 May;64(5):1171-1181. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	9.7914 mL	48.9572 mL	97.9144 mL	244.7861 mL
	5 mM	1.9583 mL	9.7914 mL	19.5829 mL	48.9572 mL
	10 mM	0.9791 mL	4.8957 mL	9.7914 mL	24.4786 mL
	15 mM	0.6528 mL	3.2638 mL	6.5276 mL	16.3191 mL
	20 mM	0.4896 mL	2.4479 mL	4.8957 mL	12.2393 mL
	25 mM	0.3917 mL	1.9583 mL	3.9166 mL	9.7914 mL
	30 mM	0.3264 mL	1.6319 mL	3.2638 mL	8.1595 mL
	40 mM	0.2448 mL	1.2239 mL	2.4479 mL	6.1197 mL
	50 mM	0.1958 mL	0.9791 mL	1.9583 mL	4.8957 mL
	60 mM	0.1632 mL	0.8160 mL	1.6319 mL	4.0798 mL
	80 mM	0.1224 mL	0.6120 mL	1.2239 mL	3.0598 mL
	100 mM	0.0979 mL	0.4896 mL	0.9791 mL	2.4479 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Keywords

Isovaleric acid

1 Cited Publications

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Isovaleric acid

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Isovaleric acid

All AMPK Isoforms

All PKA Isoforms

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (1)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Isovaleric acid Related Classifications

HY-W012980 Related Classifications