Caryophyllaceae

Dihydroferulic acid (Hydroferulic acid) is one of the main metabolites of curcumin and antioxidant/radical-scavenging properties with an IC₅₀ value of 19.5 μM. Dihydroferulic acid is a metabolite of human gut microflora as well as a precursor of vanillic acid.

Heterophyllin B is an active cyclic peptide isolated from Pseudostellaria heterophylla. Heterophyllin B provides a novel strategy for the treatment of esophageal cancer.

Datiscetin (compound 5) is a natural compound isolated from the cultivar “Roland”, and shows fungitoxic activity towards F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi..

Segetalin B, an orally active cyclopentapeptide found in Vaccaria segetalis, possesses estrogen-like activity. Segetalin B promotes mineralization of ovariectomized rat-derived bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro and increases the level of osteocalcin, BMP-2, ALP, and SIRT1 activity. Segetalin B is promising for research of post-menopausal osteoporosis (PMOP).

α-Spinasterol is an orally taken antagonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ( TRPV1), and it's also an inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2, with IC₅₀ values of 16.17 μM and 7.76 μM, respectively. α-Spinasterol exhibits antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and antioxidant effects, has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and can improve diabetes in mice.

Ethyl α-D-glucopyranoside (Ethyl α-D-glucoside) is a glycoside that can be found in the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis. Ethyl α-D-glucopyranoside can be used for research on inflammation.

Saponarioside L is a triterpenoid saponin found in the roots of Saponaria officinalis.

Dichotomoside A is a neolignan glycoside. Dichotomoside A can be isolated from the roots of Stellaria dichotoma L. var. lanceolata.

Isosaponarin is a flavone glycoside isolated from wasabi leaves. Isosaponarin is a P4HA2 enzymatic agonist. Isosaponarin increases collagen synthesis via up-regulated TGF-β type II receptor (TβR-II) and prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H) proteins production, promoting skin health and wound healing. Isosaponarin-rich plants exhibit strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, antiplatelet, anti-atopic dermatitis, and anti-tumor effects.

Medicagenic acid (Castanogenin) is isolated from the roots of Herniaria glabra, exhibits potent fungistatic effects against several plant pathogens and human dermatophytes. Medicagenic acid (Castanogenin) has low enzyme inhibitory activities, the target enzymes are xanthine oxidase, collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase, ChE.

Segetalin A is the compound isolated from the seeds of Vaccaria hispanica.

Gypsogenin is a selective mixed-type BChE inhibitor (K_i=19.99 μM) that also exhibits significant cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines. Gypsogenin inhibits tumor growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and triggering apoptosis. Gypsogenin displays antibacterial activity against bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis, and often serves as a key parent nucleus for the synthesis of anticancer compounds. Gypsogenin is widely used in research on Alzheimer's disease and various cancers including colon cancer, melanoma, and leukemia.

Isovitexin 7-O-rutinoside is an anti-inflammatory agent that can be isolated from the Mongolian anti-hepatic plant Dianthus versicolor.

Dichotomine B, a β-Carboline alkaloid, attenuates neuroinflammatory responses in LPS/ATP-induced BV2 microglia.

Pseudostellarin E is a proline-rich, caryophyllaceous cyclopeptide present in the roots of Pseudostellaria heterophylla. Pseudostellarin E can be synthesized by overexpressing its precursor gene prePhPE in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana.

Apigenin 6-C-(2-O-feruloyl)glucoside 8-C-glucoside is a natural flavonoid.

(±)-Mintlactone is a member of benzofurans that can be found in the essential oil of Menthu piperitu L. (peppermint oil).

Dichotomine D is a β-carboline alkaloid found in the roots of Stellaria dichotoma. Dichotomine D acts as an antiallergic agent. Dichotomine D is promising for research of type I allergic reactions.

Dichotomine C ((R)-(-)-Dichotomine C) is a β-carboline-type alkaloid with antiallergic effects. Dichotomine C inhibits the release of β-hexosaminidase in RBL-2H3 cells with an IC₅₀ of 62 μM. Dichotomine C inhibits the releases of antigen-IgE-mediated TNF-α and IL-4 in RBL-2H3 cells with IC₅₀s of 19 μM and 15 μM, respectively. Dichotomine C can be used for the study of type I allergic reactions.

Dichotomine E is a β-carboline alkaloid that can be isolated from the root of Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata. Dichotomine E has anti-inflammatory property for the inhibition of NO production in LPS (HY-D1056)-treated RAW264.7 cells.