2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0824
    Syringin
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    Syringin (Eleutheroside B) is an active natural phenolic glycoside possessing various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-irradiation, anti-osteoporosis and anticancer activities. Syringin also can be used to enhance memory, relieve fatigue, improve human cognition and protect ischemia heart against cerebrovascular damage, etc.
    Syringin
  • HY-137978A
    Ezurpimtrostat hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.26%
    Ezurpimtrostat hydrochloride (GNS561 hydrochloride) is an orally active PPT1 inhibitor, autophagy inhibitor, immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory agent, and anticancer agent. Ezurpimtrostat hydrochloride inhibits PPT1, dysregulates lysosomal function, redistributes mTOR, and induces apoptosis. Ezurpimtrostat hydrochloride reduces IFN‑α, CRP, immune complex deposition, and SARS‑CoV‑2 viral load. Ezurpimtrostat hydrochloride can be used for the study of systemic lupus erythematosus, SARS‑CoV‑2, hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrosis, and related disorders.
    Ezurpimtrostat hydrochloride
  • HY-17507
    Pantoprazole
    		Inhibitor 99.95%
    Pantoprazole (BY10232) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole
  • HY-15510
    Tenovin-6
    		Inhibitor 98.00%
    Tenovin-6, an analog of Tenovin-1 (HY-13423), is an activator of p53 transcriptional activity. Tenovin-6 inhibits the protein deacetylase activities of purified human SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3 with IC50s of 21 μM, 10 μM, and 67 μM, respectively. Tenovin-6 also inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).
    Tenovin-6
  • HY-17589B
    Chloroquine dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.61%
    Chloroquine dihydrochloride is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine dihydrochloride is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine dihydrochloride is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC50=1.13 μM).
    Chloroquine dihydrochloride
  • HY-146130
    ATG7-IN-2
    		Inhibitor 99.32%
    ATG7-IN-2 (compound 1) is a potent ATG7 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.089 μM. ATG7-IN-2 inhibits autophagy marker LC3B.
    ATG7-IN-2
  • HY-17437
    Mefloquine
    		Inhibitor 99.79%
    Mefloquine (Mefloquin), an orally active and potent quinoline antimalarial agent, is an anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Mefloquine is also a K+ channel (KvQT1/minK) antagonist with an IC50 of ~1 μM. Mefloquine can be used for malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer research.
    Mefloquine
  • HY-101971
    AZ PFKFB3 26
    		Inhibitor 99.23%
    AZ PFKFB3 26 is a potent and selective PFKFB3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 23 nM. AZ PFKFB3 26 inhibits PFKFB1 and PFKFB2 with IC50s of 2.06 and 0.384 μM, respectively. AZ PFKFB3 26 can be used in the study of non-small cell lung cancer.
    AZ PFKFB3 26
  • HY-P0018A
    Pepstatin Trifluoroacetate
    		Inhibitor 98.77%
    Pepstatin (Pepstatin A) Trifluoroacetate is a specific, orally active aspartic protease inhibitor produced by actinomycetes, with IC50s of 4.5 nM, 6.2 nM, 150 nM, 290 nM, 520 nM and 260 nM for hemoglobin-pepsin, hemoglobin-proctase, casein-pepsin, casein-proctase, casein-acid protease and hemoglobin-acid protease, respectively. Pepstatin Trifluoroacetate also inhibits HIV protease.
    Pepstatin Trifluoroacetate
  • HY-125169
    NSC 185058
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    NSC 185058 is an inhibitor of ATG4B, a major cysteine protease. Inhibition of ATG4B using NSC 185058 markedly attenuates autophagic activity.
    NSC 185058
  • HY-NP132
    Recombinant Humanized Type III Collagen 28.6kDa
    		Inhibitor
    Recombinant Humanized Type III Collagen 28.6kDa is a 28.6 kDa recombinant humanized type III collagen. Recombinant Humanized Type III Collagen possesses a variety of biological functions, such as promoting the regeneration of the skin extracellular matrix and improving the cellular microenvironment. Recombinant Humanized Type III Collagen can also inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Recombinant Humanized Type III Collagen plays a role in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation by interacting with Integrin.
    Recombinant Humanized Type III Collagen 28.6kDa
  • HY-17355A
    Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.94%
    Dexpramipexole ((R)-Pramipexole) dihydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable mitochondrial protective agent. Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride upregulates the expression of Parkin, PINK1, GPX4 and FSP1; binds to mitochondrial F1/Fo-ATP synthase; blocks the Nav1.8 sodium channel; and inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride induces mitophagy, inhibits ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and eosinophilopoiesis; maintains mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis; reduces reactive oxygen species production; and decreases myocardial infarct size. Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride is applicable to studies on eosinophilic asthma, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, analgesia, and more.
    Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride
  • HY-17589R
    Chloroquine phosphate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Chloroquine (phosphate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chloroquine (phosphate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC50=1.13 μM).
    Chloroquine phosphate (Standard)
  • HY-Y0152
    Cinchonine
    		Inhibitor 99.71%
    Cinchonine is a natural compound present in Cinchona bark with antimalarial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti platelet-aggregation and anti-obesity properties. Cinchonine inhibits cells proliferation and autophagy and induces apoptosis through activation of Caspase-3. Cinchonine activates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in human liver cancer cells.
    Cinchonine
  • HY-B1756R
    Rotenone (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Rotenone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rotenone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rotenone is a mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I inhibitor. Rotenone induces apoptosis through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.
    Rotenone (Standard)
  • HY-112808
    KAN0438757
    		Inhibitor 99.41%
    KAN0438757 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the metabolic kinase PFKFB3 with an IC50 of 0.19 μM.
    KAN0438757
  • HY-B0075S
    Melatonin-d4
    		Inhibitor 99.70%
    Melatonin-d4 is deuterium labeled Melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation.
    Melatonin-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0589
    Dehydrodiisoeugenol
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    Dehydrodiisoeugenol is an orally active anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Dehydrodiisoeugenol inhibits the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells, and induces apoptosis, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell cycle arrest. Dehydrodiisoeugenol also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and the expression of COX-2. Dehydrodiisoeugenol can be used in the research related to colorectal cancer, inflammatory diseases and ulcerative colitis.
    Dehydrodiisoeugenol
  • HY-N0433
    Astragaloside II
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    Astragaloside II is an orally active Cycloartane-type triterpene glycoside. Astragaloside II can be extracted from Astragalus membranaceus. Astragaloside II inhibits Autophagy, decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β), HIF-α, p-p65, p-IκB and increases SOD. Astragaloside II regulates immunity and reduces inflammatory responses. Astragaloside II can be used in the research of diseases such as liver cancer, osteoporosis, immunosuppressive diseases, and ulcerative colitis.
    Astragaloside II
  • HY-N3415
    Kumatakenin
    		Inhibitor 99.31%
    Kumatakenin is an orally active apoptosis inducer and autophagy inhibitor, with a Kd value of 2.94 μM for mouse ATG5. Kumatakenin increases the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, thereby inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Kumatakenin reduces the expression of chemokines and pro-oncogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells, and inhibits M2 macrophage polarization. Kumatakenin inactivates TRIM65 function, reduces the expression and stability of FASN, and thus inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor progression of esophageal cancer cells. Kumatakenin interacts with ATG5 to reduce its protein level, decrease LC3 level, and reduce the number of autophagosomes in the hippocampus. Kumatakenin binds to Eno3 to upregulate its expression, reduce the stability and expression level of IRP1 mRNA, inhibit ferroptosis, alleviate intestinal inflammation, and restore epithelial barrier function. Kumatakenin enhances the efficacy of antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, and reduces cytokine production. Kumatakenin is applicable to research related to ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, depression and colitis.
    Kumatakenin
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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