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Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous cancer, and it has been distinguished into four subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-positive and basal-like. Molecular mutations, epigenetic alterations, hormone exposure and immune microenvironment are related to the progression of breast cancer.

Phalloidin F-actin staining detects polymerized filamentous actin in fixed and permeabilized specimens by using fluorescent phalloidin or phalloidin-derived phallotoxins that bind actin filaments and generate a fluorescence microscopy readout corresponding to F-actin organization, including stress fibers, cortical actin, filament bundles, and tissue-specific actin networks. Phalloidin stabilizes F-actin by reducing actin subunit dissociation from filament ends, and fluorescent phallotoxins were established as tools for visualizing actin-containing structures in eukaryotic cells.