Cat. No.: HY-N0088

Apocynin

(Synonyms: Acetovanillone)

32 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 32 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Apocynin is a selective NADPH-oxidase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 10 μM. Apocynin improves acute lung inflammation in Carrageenan (HY-125474)-induced pleurisy mice model. Apocynin can also be used for cancer research. Apocynin reverses the aging process in mesenchymal stem cells to promote osteogenesis and increases bone mass.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.93%
CAS No.: 498-02-2
Formula: C₉H₁₀O₃
Molecular Weight:166.18

Storage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year

Apocynin Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 498-02-2

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Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (32)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

Apocynin is a selective NADPH-oxidase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 10 μM^[1]^[2]. Apocynin improves acute lung inflammation in Carrageenan (HY-125474)-induced pleurisy mice model^[3]. Apocynin can also be used for cancer research^[4]. Apocynin reverses the aging process in mesenchymal stem cells to promote osteogenesis and increases bone mass^[5].

All NADPH Oxidase Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
Neutrophil	IC₅₀	3.9 μM Compound: Apocynin	Antioxidant activity in human neutrophils assessed as inhibition of oxidative burst-induced ROS production by chemiluminescence assay Antioxidant activity in human neutrophils assessed as inhibition of oxidative burst-induced ROS production by chemiluminescence assay	[PMID: 24588269]

In Vitro

Apocynin (100 μM; 1-7, 14 days) shows a significant increase in the expression level of an osteogenic marker in the aging BMSCs after osteogenic induction^[3].
Apocynin (1, 10, 100 μM, 0-48h ) has selective inhibition the proliferation and adhesion to fibronectin of v-H-ras-transformed 3Y1 cells^[4].
Apocynin (1, 10, 100 μM; 3, 6, 12 h) decreases the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in HR-3Y1-2 but not 3Y1 cells. ^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Western Blot Analysis^[3]

Cell Line:

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs)
Concentration:

100 μM
Incubation Time:

1-7,14 days
Result:

Increased the expression levels of the “stemness markers” Nanog and Oct-4.
Decreased the expression levels of p53, p21 and p16 at both the mRNA level and protein level.
Increased the expression of sox-2 and klf-4 by 82.4% and 38.7%, respectively, compared with the negative control group.
Reduced the expression of NADPH oxidase by 66.5% compared with the negative control.
Had no change in the cell cycle or proliferation.
Ddecreased the percentage of SA-β –gal-positive (green-stained) cells was by 42.5%.
Increased the expression levels of four pivotal osteogenic markers (Runx2, OSX, Ocn, and Col1).

Cell Proliferation Assay^[4]

Cell Line:

HR-3Y1-2, 3Y1 cells
Concentration:

0, 1, 10, or 100 μM
Incubation Time:

48h
Result:

Inhibited the proliferation of HR-3Y1-2 but not 3Y1 cells at 10μM and 100μM.

RT-PCR^[3]

Cell Line:

HR-3Y1-2, 3Y1 cells
Concentration:

0, 1, 10, or 100 μM
Incubation Time:

24, 36, 48 h
Result:

Selectively down-regulated 1-integrin cell surface expression on the HR-3Y1-2 cells.
Decreased adhesion of HR-3Y1-2 cells to fibronectin-coated plates.

In Vivo

Apocynin (0.1 mg/kg/day, i.p., three times per week for 3 months) increases bone mineral density and total bone volume in SAMP6 mice^[3].
Apocynin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) reduces the degree of lung injury and attenuates the degree of acute inflammation in the Carrageenan (HY-125474)-induced pleurisy mice^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

SAMP6 mouse model (Pharmacokinetic assay)^[3]
Dosage:

0.1 mg/kg/day
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.), three times per week, for 3 months
Result:

Showed a higher bone value and exhibited a lower percentage of SA-β -gal positive cells than the control group.
Increased the expression of Ki67 and Oct-4 mRNA.
Altered the osteoblast-osteoclast balance in bone and promoted the activity of osteoblasts.

Animal Model:

Carrageenan (HY-125474)-induced pleurisy in male adult CD1 mice ^[5]
Dosage:

5 mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)
Result:

Blocked NADPH oxidase activation and attenuated neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation in the lung tissue.
Reduced the degree of PARP activation and the degree of IL-1b expression.
Prevented carrageenan-induced IkB-a degradation and reduced the levels of NF-kB p65.
Attenuated this iNOS expression,reduced the degree of positive staining for Fas ligand in the lung tissues.
Inhibited cells apoptosis in carrageenan-treated mice.
Prevented Bax expression and reduced the degree of positive staining for Bax.
Attenuated carrageenan-induced inhibition of Bcl-2 expression and the loss of positive staining for Bcl-2 in mice subjected to carrageenan-induced pleurisy.
Reduced the level of pERK1/2 and p38 expression.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 498-02-2
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 166.18
Formula C₉H₁₀O₃
Color White to off-white
SMILES

CC(C1=CC=C(O)C(OC)=C1)=O
Synonyms

Acetovanillone
Structure Classification
- Phenols
- Monophenols
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	2 years
	-20°C	1 year

Publications (32)

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Journal Impact Factor

Nat Commun

NCF4 attenuates colorectal cancer progression by modulating inflammasome activation and immune surveillance. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 17;15(1):5170. PMID: 38886341
Adv Sci (Weinh)

ERM Inhibition Confers Ferroptosis Resistance through ROS-Induced NRF2 Signaling. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;13(16):e13310. PMID: 41589654
Adv Sci (Weinh)

The CXCL10-CXCR3 Axis Induces Tumor-Associated Neutrophils to Interfere with CTLs-Mediated Antitumor Activity in EBV-Associated Epithelial Cancers. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 21:e00950. PMID: 40686457
Exp Mol Med

TAZ as a novel regulator of oxidative damage in decidualization via Nrf2/ARE/Foxo1 pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Sep;53(9):1307-1318. PMID: 34497345

Apocynin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Exp Mol Med. 2021 Sep;53(9):1307-1318. [Abstract]

Apocynin attenuated the increase of intracellular O2⁻ level by TAZ siRNA.

Apocynin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Exp Mol Med. 2021 Sep;53(9):1307-1318. [Abstract]

Apocynin treatment reversed the repression of TAZ siRNA on stromal cell differentiation under OS.
Sci Adv

Liver regeneration-associated hepatocellular YAP1 activation prevents colorectal cancer liver metastasis through glutamine competition. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 22;11(34):eadw6926. PMID: 40845109

Apocynin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Adv. 2025 Aug 22;11(34):eadw6926. [Abstract]

NADPH levels in MC38 cells treated with/without Apocynin (10 μM).

Apocynin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Adv. 2025 Aug 22;11(34):eadw6926. [Abstract]

WB analysis of YAP1 and YAP1^S127 levels in MC38 cells treated with Apocynin (10 μM).
Small

Intranasal Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Neuronal PANoptosis via Microglial Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;21(12):e2408139. PMID: 40012250
Redox Biol

Blocking mitochondrial cyclophilin D ameliorates TSH-impaired defensive barrier of artery. [Abstract]

2018 May;15:418-434. PMID: 29353219

Apocynin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Redox Biol. 2018 May;15:418-434. [Abstract]

DPH oxidase inhibitor attenuates TSH-induced oxidative stress in HUVECs. NADPH oxidase inhibitor (Apocynin, 100 μM) is used to confirm the effects of NADPH oxidase activation in TSH-induced intracellular oxidative stress.
Pharmacol Res

Histone deacetylase 9 exacerbates podocyte injury in hyperhomocysteinemia through epigenetic repression of Klotho. [Abstract]

2023 Dec:198:107009. PMID: 37995896
Mol Biomed

Phosphopeptides P140 cause oxidative burst responses of pulmonary macrophages in an imiquimod-induced lupus model. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 3;4(1):38. PMID: 37922035

Apocynin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Biomed. 2023 Nov 3;4(1):38. [Abstract]

We examined the histopathological changes in the tissue sections by performing the HE staining assay. We found the inflammatory nuclei number reduced in the lung sections after the combined application of P140 and Apocynin.
Cell Commun Signal

Autophagy mediated by ROS-AKT-FoxO pathway is required for intestinal regeneration in echinoderms. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 7;23(1):8. PMID: 39762855
Free Radic Biol Med

C-C motif ligand 8 promotes atherosclerosis via NADPH oxidase 2/reactive oxygen species-induced endothelial permeability increase. [Abstract]

2021 May 1:167:181-192. PMID: 33741452

Apocynin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Free Radic Biol Med. 2021 May 1:167:181-192. [Abstract]

Western Blots show that ZO-1 is significantly recovered with pretreatment of Apocynin and pathway inhibitors compared with CCL8 treatment alone. The result shows that with pretreatment of Apocynin, the increased phosphorylation p65 level induced by CCL8 is significantly weakened.
Biomed Pharmacother

Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides attenuate uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-induced pyroptosis in macrophage cells. [Abstract]

2022 Jul;151:113098. PMID: 35594714
Biomed Pharmacother

Convallatoxin induces HaCaT cell necroptosis and ameliorates skin lesions in psoriasis-like mouse models. [Abstract]

2020 Jan;121:109615. PMID: 31707343
Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol

Vitamin D receptor activation targets ROS-mediated crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in hepatocytes in cholestasis mice. [Abstract]

2023;15(4):887-901. PMID: 36280140
Stem Cell Res Ther

Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit mitochondrial fission by upregulating armadillo repeat containing 1, ameliorating oxidative stress in renal fibrosis. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 28;16(1):584. PMID: 41153008
Cell Rep

Mrgpra2+ neutrophils integrate infection-derived signals to trigger NET-mediated antimicrobial defense in bone marrow. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 22:117579. PMID: 42330955
Atherosclerosis

TIGAR mitigates atherosclerosis by promoting cholesterol efflux from macrophages. [Abstract]

2021 Jun:327:76-86. PMID: 33994201
Commun Biol

mTOR contributes to endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by promoting eNOS expression and preventing eNOS uncoupling. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 22;5(1):726. PMID: 35869262
Front Cell Infect Microbiol

Veillonella parvula outer membrane vesicles increase ICAM-1+ neutrophils exhibiting elevated NET formation via ROS-PAD4 signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 11:15:1540634. PMID: 40568695
Int Immunopharmacol

Inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and NETosis ameliorates sepsis-induced cardiac injury and reduces myocardial inflammation and apoptosis. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 1;168(Pt 1):115862. PMID: 41248570
Int Immunopharmacol

NOX2-mediated reactive oxygen species contribute to angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy by promoting cardiomyocyte autophagy via Atg4B S-glutathionylation modification. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 23:162:115163. PMID: 40618504
Int Immunopharmacol

Mitophagy-mtROS axis contributes to anti-tuberculosis-induced liver injury through activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in rat hepatocytes. [Abstract]

2025 May 30:160:114984. PMID: 40449272
Eur J Pharmacol

DUOX2, a common modulator in preventive effects of monoamine-based antidepressants on water immersion restraint stress- and indomethacin- induced gastric mucosal damage. [Abstract]

2020 Jun 5;876:173058. PMID: 32131022
J Cell Mol Med

Apocynin exerts cytoprotective effects on dexamethasone-induced osteoblasts by inhibiting oxidative stress through the Nrf2 signalling pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Dec;27(23):3911-3927. PMID: 37749949
J Hypertens

Asprosin contributes to vascular remodeling in hypertensive rats via superoxide signaling. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 23. PMID: 38690935
J Cell Commun Signal

P2X7 receptors promote atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation susceptibility via reactive oxygen species-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling activation. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 30:20:e70071. PMID: 42078487
Sci Rep

A novel chalcone derivative S17 induces apoptosis through ROS dependent DR5 up-regulation in gastric cancer cells. [Abstract]

2017 Aug 29;7(1):9873. PMID: 28852176
J Cancer

Matrix stiffness regulates NPC invasiveness by modulating a mechanoresponsive TRPV4-Nox4-IL-8 signaling axis. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 13;16(4):1324-1334. PMID: 39895789
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Glucose metabolism is required for oocyte maturation of zebrafish. [Abstract]

2021 Jun 25:559:191-196. PMID: 33945997
SSRN

2025 Dec 1.
Res Sq

BMP receptor 2 inhibition regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics to induce synergistic cell death with BCL-2 inhibitors in leukemia and NSLC cells. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 12:rs.3.rs-5065904. PMID: 39315260
Research Square Preprint

2021 Sep.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (601.76 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : 3.33 mg/mL (20.04 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)

* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

6.0176 mL

30.0879 mL

60.1757 mL

5 mM

1.2035 mL

6.0176 mL

12.0351 mL

10 mM

0.6018 mL

3.0088 mL

6.0176 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.04 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.04 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.04 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (284 KB)
SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Stefanska J, et al. Mediators Inflamm, 2008, 106507. [Content Brief]

[2]. Stolk J,et al. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 1994, 11(1), 95-102. [Content Brief]

[3]. Sun J, et.al. Apocynin suppression of NADPH oxidase reverses the aging process in mesenchymal stem cells to promote osteogenesis and increase bone mass. Sci Rep. 2015 Dec 21;5:18572. [Content Brief]

[4]. Yamasaki M, et.al. Selective inhibition by apocynin of the proliferation and adhesion to fibronectin of v-H-ras-transformed 3Y1 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2012;76(6):1177-81. [Content Brief]

[5]. Impellizzeri D et al. Effect of apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on acute lung inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Mar 1;81(5):636-48. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	6.0176 mL	30.0879 mL	60.1757 mL	150.4393 mL
	5 mM	1.2035 mL	6.0176 mL	12.0351 mL	30.0879 mL
	10 mM	0.6018 mL	3.0088 mL	6.0176 mL	15.0439 mL
	15 mM	0.4012 mL	2.0059 mL	4.0117 mL	10.0293 mL
	20 mM	0.3009 mL	1.5044 mL	3.0088 mL	7.5220 mL
DMSO	25 mM	0.2407 mL	1.2035 mL	2.4070 mL	6.0176 mL
	30 mM	0.2006 mL	1.0029 mL	2.0059 mL	5.0146 mL
	40 mM	0.1504 mL	0.7522 mL	1.5044 mL	3.7610 mL
	50 mM	0.1204 mL	0.6018 mL	1.2035 mL	3.0088 mL
	60 mM	0.1003 mL	0.5015 mL	1.0029 mL	2.5073 mL
	80 mM	0.0752 mL	0.3761 mL	0.7522 mL	1.8805 mL
	100 mM	0.0602 mL	0.3009 mL	0.6018 mL	1.5044 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Apocynin

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Apocynin

All NADPH Oxidase Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (32)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Apocynin Related Classifications

HY-N0088 Related Classifications