Sphingolipids

Sphingosine (d17:1) is a 17-carbon sphingosine found in human skin.

Ceramide 3 (N-Stearoyl phytosphingosine) is an orally active major component of intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum of the skin, and belongs to the ceramide family. Ceramide 3 inhibits c-jun and NF-κB activation induced by Histamine (HY-B1204), and suppresses the expression of IL-4 and TNF-α. Ceramide 3 inhibits scratching behavior and vascular permeability in mice, and exhibits antihistamine effects in guinea pig ileum. Ceramide 3 improves skin barrier function, reduces transepidermal water loss, erythema and the number of circulating epidermal cells, and accelerates barrier repair of irritated or dysfunctional skin.

C6 NBD Sphingomyelin is a fluorescent short-chain analogue of Sphingomyelin (HY-113498). Chlamydia trachomatis acquires C6 NBD Sphingomyelin endogenously synthesizes from C6-NBD-ceramide and transportes to the chlamydial inclusion. C6 NBD Sphingomyelin can incorporate into the plasma membrane.

Spisulosine (ES-285) is an antiproliferative (antitumoral) compound of marine origin. Spisulosine inhibits the growth of the prostate PC-3 and LNCaP cells through intracellular ceramide accumulation and PKCζ activation. Spisulosine induces apoptosis in PC-3 and LNCaP cells.

C12-Ceramide (N-Lauroyl-D-erythro-sphingosine), a naturally occurring ceramide, is formed by hydrolysis of C12 sphingomyelin. C12-Ceramide can enhance the Doxorubicin toxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells. C12-Ceramide also can be used to diagnose types A and B Niemann-Pick disease.

DHA Ceramide (C22:6 Ceramide) is an ester product.

C26 Ceramide is a lipid featuring two hydrophobic tails, one saturated and the other unsaturated. Ceramides may be used in developing lipid nanoparticles or liposomes.

LacCer (d18:1/16:0) (C16 Lactosylceramide (d18:1/16:0)) is an endogenous bioactive sphingolipid that can form membrane microdomains with Lyn kinase and the αi subunits of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The levels of LacCer (d18:1/16:0) are elevated in the plasma of insulin-resistant cattle. In a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C1 disease (a neurodegenerative cholesterol-sphingolipid lysosomal storage disorder), the expression of LacCer (d18:1/16:0) is also upregulated. LacCer (d18:1/16:0) can be used in research on metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.

D-Glucosyl-β-1,1′-N-palmitoylsphingosine (C16 Glucosyl (β) Ceramide (d18:1/16:0)) is an endogenous Mincle ligand with immunostimulatory activity. D-Glucosyl-β-1,1′-N-palmitoylsphingosine binds to and activates macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle). D-Glucosyl-β-1,1′-N-palmitoylsphingosine is applicable to the research of immune system diseases.

C8-Ceramide (N-Octanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine) is a cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. C8-Ceramide has anti-proliferation properties and acts as a potent chemotherapeutic agent. C8-Ceramide stimulates dendritic cells to promote T cell responses upon virus infections. C8-Ceramide induces slight activation of protein kinase (PKC) in vitro.

C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate is a cell apoptosis inhibitor and a cell survival inducer that can stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division. C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate can inhibit acidic sphingomyelinase (SMase) and stimulate PI3-K, which in turn produces PIP3; PIP3 can also inhibit acidic SMase. The C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate and ceramide can be interconverted in cells through kinase and phosphatase activity, and maintaining the balance between the two is crucial for cellular and tissue homeostasis.

Glucosylceramide (Glucocerebrosides) (gaucher's spleen) is a glycosphingolipid and primary substrate of acid β-glycosidase, suppresses tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and IRS-1, disrupts insulin signaling cascade and triggers pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Glucosylceramide (Gaucher's spleen) accumulates in rodents and induces obesity and insulin resistance, restores systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity when synthesis is suppressed. Glucosylceramide (Gaucher's spleen) accumulates in the brain of chronic neuronopathic Gaucher disease mice with age and can be applied for research on insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic neuronopathic Gaucher disease.

C14 Ceramide (d18:1/14:0) is an endogenous ceramide produced by ceramide synthetase 6, which can be used for Parkinson's and diabetes research.

C16-Dihydroceramide (N-Palmitoyl sphinganine) is an ester product.

W146 TFA is a selective antagonist of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) with an EC₅₀ value of 398 nM.

DL-erythro-Dihydrosphingosine is a sphingosine-based PKC inhibitor. DL-erythro-Dihydrosphingosine directly inhibits the enzymatic activity of PLA2. DL-erythro-Dihydrosphingosine inhibits the activity of Bcl-2 protein involved in apoptosis. DL-erythro-Dihydrosphingosine inhibits the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). DL-erythro-Dihydrosphingosine is applicable for research on cancer and inflammatory diseases.

Sphingomyelins, milk (SMs (buttermilk)) are compounds studied in sphingolipids, which play important roles in various biological processes.

Fumonisin B2 is a selective ceramide synthase inhibitor and carcinogenic mycotoxin with toxicity comparable to that of Fumonisin B1 (HY-N6719). Fumonisin B2 inhibits de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis by blocking the amide bond formation between fatty acids and dihydrosphingosine, which leads to a massive intracellular accumulation of free dihydrosphingosine, altered sphingosine levels, subsequent inhibition of cell proliferation, and induction of cell death. Fumonisin B2 is used to investigate the pathogenesis of diseases associated with Fusarium verticillioides contamination, including equine leukoencephalomalacia, porcine pulmonary edema syndrome, human esophageal cancer, and rat hepatocellular carcinoma.

Ceramide 1-phosphate is a bioactive lipid and one of the key components of sphingolipids. Ceramide 1-phosphate playing diverse roles in cellular behaviors such as cell differentiation, migration, proliferation and death.

Sphingomyelin (d18:1/12:0) is a metabolomic biomarker. Sphingomyelin (d18:1/12:0) exhibits favorable diagnostic properties and may facilitate the early detection and targeted prevention of dyslipidemia-related adverse cardiovascular events.