Enzyme Substrates

Coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0) is a potent, oral active ubiquinone compound can be derived from Antrodia cinnamomea. Coenzyme Q0 induces apoptosis and autophagy, suppresses of HER-2/AKT/mTOR signaling to potentiate the apoptosis and autophagy mechanisms. Coenzyme Q0 regulates NFκB/AP-1 activation and enhances Nrf2 stabilization in attenuation of inflammation and redox imbalance. Coenzyme Q0 has anti-angiogenic activity through downregulation of MMP-9/NF-κB and upregulation of HO-1 signaling.

Propionyl coenzyme A lithium, a coenzyme A derivative of propionic acid, is an important metabolic intermediate formed by the thioester bond between coenzyme A and propionic acid. The breakdown and production of Propionyl coenzyme A lithim is important for the metabolism of organisms.

Coenzyme A (CoASH) is a ubiquitous and essential cofactor, which is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle and the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids.

AMPPD (Lumi-Phos Plus; Lumigen PPD) is a chemiluminescent substrate for alkaline phosphatase (APase). AMPPD is hydrolyzed by APase to generate an unstable dioxetane intermediate, and the intermediate releases a chemiluminescent signal when it decomposes. The luminescent signal of AMPPD can be detected by highly sensitive equipment, thereby achieving quantitative analysis of the target molecule. AMPPD can be used in ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (such as quantitative detection of human tissue kininogen), chemiluminescent detection of proteins and nucleic acids, and other fields.

Octanoyl coenzyme A lithium is an enoyl-CoA hydratase binder. Octanoyl coenzyme A lithium binds to the active site of enoyl-CoA hydratase, occupies the binding pocket for the fatty acid tail of the enzyme's substrate, and induces a conformational shift in a flexible protein loop via its longer octanoyl chain, forming an open channel leading to the inter-trimer gap.

4-Nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside is a derivative of beta-D-galactoside and monosaccharide. 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside can be used for affinity label.

L-Arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (Arginine 4-methyl-7-coumarylamide) hydrochloride is a specific substrate of cathepsin H but not for cathepsins L and B.

Isoluminol (4-Aminophthalhydrazide) is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.

Naphthol AS-BI phosphate is a substrate for acid and alkaline phosphatase and can be used in fluorescence assays. Naphthol AS-BI phosphate is a kind of biological materials or organic compounds that are widely used in life science research.

4-Hydroxybenzoate sodium, also known as sodium p-hydroxybenzoate or sodium paraben, is commonly used as a food preservative and cosmetic preservative. It can also be used as an additive in a variety of other products, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial products. Additionally, 4-Hydroxybenzoate sodium has the potential to function as xenoestrogens, which may mimic the effects of estrogen in the body and affect hormonal balance.

G3-CNP is an α-amylase substrate. The absorbance of G3-CNP cleavage product 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol is measured at 405 nm, which can be used to detect enzyme activity.

2-Butenoyl coenzyme A lithium is an inactivator and a substrate of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase and other enoyl-CoA reductases, and it is also the lithium salt of trans-2-methyl-2-butenoyl coenzyme A. 2-Butenoyl coenzyme A lithium acts on short-chain and medium-chain coenzyme A dehydrogenases as well as glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, and shows no activity against wild-type isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase. 2-Butenoyl coenzyme A lithium functions as a metabolite in the L-isoleucine catabolic pathway, and can serve as a substrate in the activity assay of 3-ketothiolase. 2-Butenoyl coenzyme A lithium is applicable to research related to 3-ketothiolase deficiency.

Phosphocholine Chloride Sodium Salt is an organic compound containing phosphate, choline and chloride ions. It is commonly used to prepare cell membranes and liposomes for drug delivery systems. Phosphocholine Chloride Sodium Salt has various applications in the pharmaceutical industry, especially as a stabilizer and surfactant. In addition, it is used as an emulsifier and conditioning agent in the manufacture of cosmetic and personal care products.

NAD sodium (Standard) is the analytical standard of NAD sodium. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. NAD (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) sodium is an analogue of NAD. NAD sodium can be reduced to β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) during coupling with reactions which oxidize organic substrates. NAD sodium can be converted to β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and passes to the inside of mitochondria that indirectly generates ATP.

Butyrylcholine (chloride) is a biochemical assay reagent.

3-Indolyl acetate is an ester derivative of indole that is ubiquitous in various plant tissues, especially in certain cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage. 3-Indolyl acetate has unique chemical properties that make it an important signaling molecule in plants, regulating various physiological processes such as growth and defense against pathogens. It also has potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry, as it has been shown to have antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects in some studies.

TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) is the dihydrochloride x hydrate form of TMB (HY-15930). TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.

Benzylamine hydrochloride is a substrate for benzylamine oxidase and monoamine oxidase B.

p-Nitrophenyl α-L-fucoside (PNP α-L-Fuc) is a specific substrate of Pecten maximus α-L-fucosidase, with a K_m value of 650 µM. p-Nitrophenyl α-L-fucoside serves as a substrate for ClAgl29A and ClAgl29B. Enzymatic hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl α-L-fucoside releases p-nitrophenol and α-L-fucose, where the latter undergoes mutarotation over time to form β-L-fucose. p-Nitrophenyl α-L-fucoside is not the preferred substrate for ClAgl29A and ClAgl29B.

Choline tosylate (Choline p-toluenesulfonate) is an intermediate and also a substrate of choline acetyltransferase (CHAT). Choline tosylate inhibits phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C.