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Pathways Recommended:	Neuronal Signaling JAK/STAT Signaling

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insulin signaling

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Metformin Maximum Cited Publications 196 Publications Verification 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide	AMPK Autophagy Mitophagy Apoptosis mTOR	Cardiovascular Disease Infection Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

Cholesterol (from animal) 80+ Cited Publications	Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite Estrogen Receptor/ERR Bacterial Liposome	Infection Metabolic Disease Cancer
Cholesterol (from animal) is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol (from animal) plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins . Cholesterol (from animal) is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist .

Metformin hydrochloride Maximum Cited Publications 196 Publications Verification 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride	AMPK Autophagy Mitophagy Apoptosis mTOR	Cardiovascular Disease Infection Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

i-Inositol 5+ Cited Publications myo-Inositol; meso-Inositol	Endogenous Metabolite	Others
i-Inositol (myo-Inositol) is a compound of sugar alcohols. i-Inositol is involved in a series of biological processes such as insulin signal transduction and cytoskeletal transduction. i-Inositol mainly exists in glial cells and plays an osmotic role .

Phosphorylethanolamine 4 Publications Verification Monoaminoethyl phosphate; NSC 254167; O-Phosphoethanolamine	Endogenous Metabolite	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Cancer
Phosphorylethanolamine (Monoaminoethyl phosphate) is a membrane phospholipid and an important precursor of Phosphatidylcholine (HY-B2233B). It is found in most animal tissues and various human extracranial tumors, playing a critical role in membrane integrity, cell division, mitochondrial respiratory function, and more. Studies have shown that changes in the abundance of Phosphorylethanolamine are associated with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Lowering the ratio of Phosphorylethanolamine to Phosphatidylcholine in the liver can improve insulin signaling. Phosphorylethanolamine holds promise for research in the fields of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases .

Chicoric acid 2 Publications Verification Cichoric acid; Dicaffeoyltartaric acid	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Apoptosis	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Chicoric acid (Cichoric acid), an orally active dicaffeyltartaric acid, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Chicoric acid inhibits cell viability and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Chicoric acid increases glucose uptake, improves insulin resistance, and attenuates glucosamine-induced inflammation. Chicoric acid has antidiabetic properties and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects .

D-Glucose 6-phosphate 4 Publications Verification	Endogenous Metabolite mTOR	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
D-Glucose 6-phosphate is a key central node metabolite in glucose metabolism. It serves as the initiating metabolite for glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as a substrate for glycogen synthesis. D-Glucose 6-phosphate acts as a metabolic stress signal, which activates the mTOR pathway to promote protein synthesis, especially when phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is inhibited, thereby participating in cardiac remodeling processes. D-Glucose 6-phosphate can be used in research related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and heart failure .

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid 1 Publications Verification α-Ketoisocaproic acid	Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy mTOR SOD	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (α-Ketoisocaproic acid) is a metabolite of L-leucine and is involved in energy metabolism. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid increases endoplasmic reticulum stress, promotes lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and insulin resistance by impairing mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid also causes oxidative damage, leading to cognitive deficits, inhibits α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity, acts as an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler and metabolic inhibitor. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid acts as a nutrient signal and stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid can be used in the study of maple syrup urine disease .

Ginsenoside Rk1 5+ Cited Publications	NF-κB PI3K JAK Apoptosis	Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Ginsenoside Rk1 is a unique component created by processing the ginseng plant (mainly Sung Ginseng, SG) at high temperatures . Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-inflammatory effect, suppresses the activation of Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway and NF-κB . Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-tumor effect, antiplatelet aggregation activities, anti-insulin resistance, nephroprotective effect, antimicrobial effect, cognitive function enhancement, lipid accumulation reduction and prevents osteoporosis . Ginsenoside Rk1 induces cell apoptosis by triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and blocking PI3K/Akt pathway .

Aleniglipron GSBR-1290	GLP Receptor	Metabolic Disease
Aleniglipron (GSBR-1290) is an orally active glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, with an EC₅₀ value of less than 0.1 nM in HDB cell lines in cAMP stimulation assays. Aleniglipron selectively activates the Gαs-cAMP signaling pathway of GLP-1R without β-arrestin recruitment. Aleniglipron induces insulin release, promotes glucose clearance, reduces food intake and decreases body weight. Aleniglipron is applicable to research related to type 2 diabetes and obesity .

SBI-993	Drug Derivative	Metabolic Disease
SBI-993 is a SBI-477 analog with improved potency and suitable pharmacokinetic properties for in vivo bioavailability. SBI-993 stimulates insulin signaling by deactivating the transcription factor MondoA .

Isorhapontigenin 4 Publications Verification	Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Autophagy Apoptosis NF-κB PI3K Akt MMP Keap1-Nrf2	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Isorhapontigenin is an orally active dietary polyphenol. Isorhapontigenin acts as a potent antioxidant that reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Isorhapontigenin promotes the binding of JUN to the AP-1 site on the SESN2 promoter, induces SESN2 transcription, triggers MAPK8-dependent JUN activation, and upregulates the expression of PPAR-α, PGC-1α and CPT-1A to facilitate fatty acid oxidation. Isorhapontigenin induces autophagy, apoptosis and preadipocyte differentiation; it inhibits tumor growth, cell invasion, NF-κB transcriptional activity, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, STAT1 phosphorylation and MMP-2 expression. Isorhapontigenin alleviates oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine release and triglyceride accumulation; it increases intracellular ATP levels and promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Isorhapontigenin improves insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and glucose tolerance, and reduces postprandial blood glucose, insulin and free fatty acid levels. Isorhapontigenin is applicable to research on bladder cancer, liver injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury and type 2 diabetes .

AS1949490 1 Publications Verification	Phosphatase Akt	Metabolic Disease
AS1949490 is a potent, orally active, selective SHIP2 phosphatase inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 0.34, 0.62, 13, >50, >50, and >50 µM for Mouse SHIP2, Human SHIP2, Human SHIP1, Human PTEN, Human synaptojanin, and Human myotubularin, respectively. AS1949490 increases the phosphorylation of Akt, glucose consumption and glucose uptake. AS1949490 activates intracellular insulin signalling pathways. AS1949490 can be used for research of diabetes .

Benzyl isothiocyanate	Bacterial Apoptosis Antibiotic Parasite Autophagy Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)	Infection Endocrinology Cancer
Benzyl isothiocyanate is an orally available isothiocyanate with bactericidal, anticancer, antiangiogenic and anthelmintic activities. Benzyl isothiocyanate exerts anticancer functions by regulating multiple signaling pathways, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. In addition, Benzyl isothiocyanate can enhance muscle insulin sensitivity to improve obesity-induced hyperglycemia .

Metformin-d6 hydrochloride 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide-d6 hydrochloride	Isotope-Labeled Compounds AMPK Autophagy Mitophagy Apoptosis mTOR	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
Metformin-d₆ hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

Rebaudioside A	Glycosidase HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) LDLR	Others
Rebaudioside A is an orally effective steviol glycoside with high sweetness. Rebaudioside A acts as an inhibitor of α-glucosidase with an IC₅₀ value of 35.01 μg/mL. Rebaudioside A increases the ATP/ADP ratio in β cells in a glucose-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting KATP channels, leading to membrane depolarization, calcium influx, and ultimately stimulating insulin secretion. Rebaudioside A activates the SREBP signaling pathway by inhibiting HMGCR, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, resulting in increased expression of LDLR on the cell surface, thus promoting the uptake of LDL-C in the blood. Rebaudioside A can be used for studies on blood glucose and lipid regulation as well as anti-obesity .

Allolithocholic acid 1 Publications Verification	Drug Metabolite G protein-coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 ROR	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Allolithocholic acid is an orally active metabolite of Lithocholic acid (HY-B0172). Allolithocholic acid is a dual GPBAR1 agonist (EC₅₀ = 2.7 μM) and RORγt inverse agonist (IC₅₀ = 3.4 μM). Allolithocholic acid modulates immune and metabolic pathways, regulates immune cell polarization, prevents M1 macrophage and Th17 CD4 cell polarization. Allolithocholic acid improves insulin sensitivity, reduces liver lipid accumulation, reverses liver immunological, inflammatory and metabolic signaling dysregulation, restores bile acid homeostasis, adipose tissue histopathology/function, and intestinal microbiota composition, modulates intestinal immunity. Allolithocholic acid can be used for the researches of cancer, inflammayion, immunology and metabolic disease .

Insulin Detemir	Akt ERK	Metabolic Disease
Insulin Detemir is an artificial insulin, shows effect on controlling blood sugar levels. Insulin Detemir stimulates GLP-1 secretion as a consequence of enhanced Gcg expression by a mechanism involving activation of Akt- and/or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent-cat and CREB signaling pathways. Insulin Detemir can be used for type 2 diabetes research .

Kaempferitrin 5 Publications Verification Lespedin; Lespenephryl	Insulin Receptor	Metabolic Disease Endocrinology Cancer
Kaempferitrin is a natural flavonoid, possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumoral and chemopreventive effects, and activates *insulin* signaling pathway.

Vaccarin 1 Publications Verification	AMPK Akt ERK p38 MAPK NF-κB Nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT) JNK	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
Vaccarin is an orally active flavonoid glycoside with multiple biological functions. Vaccarin promotes neovascularization by activating AKT and ERK. Vaccarin activates the AMPK signaling pathway to improve insulin resistance and steatosis. Vaccarin is a MAPK, NF-κB, and NFAT inhibitor, effectively blocking RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis .

Lincomycin 5 Publications Verification U-10149	Antibiotic Bacterial DNA/RNA Synthesis	Infection Metabolic Disease
Lincomycin (U-10149) is an orally active lincosamide antibiotic. Lincomycin binds to the ribosomes of Gram-positive bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Lincomycin can inhibit chloroplast translation, disrupt chloroplast integrity, and activate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Lincomycin induces alterations in lipid profiles and liver injury, disrupts blood glucose and insulin levels, and increases growth rate in mice .

DPM-1001	Phosphatase	Metabolic Disease
DPM-1001 is a potent, specific, orally active and non-competitive inhibitor of protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) with an IC₅₀ of 100 nM. DPM-1001 is an analog of the specific PTP1B inhibitor MSI-1436. DPM-1001 has anti-diabetic property .

SBI-477 1 Publications Verification	Fluorescent Dye Insulin Receptor LXR Arrestin	Metabolic Disease
SBI-477 is a chemical probe that stimulates *insulin* signaling by deactivating the transcription factor MondoA. SBI-477 can lead to reduced expression of the insulin pathway suppressors thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and arrestin domain-containing 4 (ARRDC4). SBI-477 coordinately inhibits triacylglyceride (TAG) synthesis and enhances basal glucose uptake in human skeletal myocytes .

Simufilam 1 Publications Verification PTI-125	mTOR iGluR Amyloid-β Tau Protein	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Simufilam (PTI-125) is an orally active FLNA modulator. Simufilam restores NMDAR signaling and Arc expression. Simufilam inhibits overactive mTOR signaling by restoring the normal conformation of FLNA, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces Aβ₄₂-induced neuroinflammation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Simufilam can be used for research of Alzheimer's disease .

ADP-β-S trilithium Adenosine 5'-β-thiodiphosphate trilithium	P2Y Receptor NF-κB Interleukin Related Caspase	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
ADP-β-S (Adenosine 5'-(β-thiodiphosphate)) trilithium is a non-hydrolyzable ADP analog and a P2Y12 receptor agonist. ADP-β-S trilithium activates the P2Y12 receptor in microglia, thereby triggering downstream inflammatory signaling pathways. ADP-β-S trilithium activates P2Y purinergic receptors in rat pancreatic β cells and enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion. ADP-β-S trilithium can be used in the research of diseases such as inflammation and diabetes .

Artepillin C	Epigenetic Reader Domain Necroptosis TRP Channel	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Artepillin C is an orally active CREB/CRTC2 inhibitor and TRPA1 covalent agonist (EC₅₀=1.8 μM). Artepillin C inhibits CREB/CRTC2-mediated gene transcription and downregulates BMAL1 expression to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Artepillin C can also activate TRPA1 channels to induce spicy taste signals. Artepillin C can inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce necroptosis, improve insulin resistance and inhibit liver lipid synthesis. Artepillin C can be used in the study of metabolic syndrome, tumor prevention and treatment, and inflammation .

Demethylasterriquinone B1 DAQ B1; L-783281; Dimethylasterriquinone	Insulin Receptor Akt NO Synthase NADPH Oxidase JAK STAT FOXO DNA/RNA Synthesis ERK Flavivirus	Cardiovascular Disease Infection Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Demethylasterriquinone B1 (DAQ B1; L-783281) is an orally active insulin receptor (insulin receptor) agonist and AKT activator. By activating AKT, Demethylasterriquinone B1 upregulates the expression and activity of eNOS to increase NO production, while downregulating the expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox to reduce oxidative stress and improve vascular endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive rats. Demethylasterriquinone B1 combind with an AKT inhibitor targets the insulin signaling pathway to activate two antiviral pathways, RNA interference and JAK/STAT, in mosquitoes, thereby reducing Zika virus infection .

Lincomycin hydrochloride 5 Publications Verification U10149A	DNA/RNA Synthesis Antibiotic Bacterial	Infection Metabolic Disease
Lincomycin hydrochloride (U10149A) is an orally active lincosamide antibiotic. Lincomycin hydrochloride binds to the ribosomes of Gram-positive bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Lincomycin hydrochloride can inhibit chloroplast translation, disrupt chloroplast integrity, and activate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Lincomycin hydrochloride induces alterations in lipid profiles and liver injury, disrupts blood glucose and insulin levels, and increases growth rate in mice .

Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate 5 Publications Verification U-10149 hydrochloride monohydrate	DNA/RNA Synthesis Antibiotic Bacterial	Infection Metabolic Disease
Lincomycin (U-10149) hydrochloride monohydrate is an orally active lincosamide antibiotic. Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate binds to the ribosomes of Gram-positive bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate can inhibit chloroplast translation, disrupt chloroplast integrity, and activate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate induces alterations in lipid profiles and liver injury, disrupts blood glucose and insulin levels, and increases growth rate in mice .

D-Glucose 6-Phosphate-13C6 (disodium xhydrate)	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Endogenous Metabolite mTOR	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
D-Glucose 6-Phosphate- ¹³C₆ disodium xhydrate is a ¹³C-labeled D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium xhydrate. D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium xhydrate is a key central node metabolite in sugar metabolism, serving as the initial metabolite of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, and also a substrate for glycogen synthesis. D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium xhydrate can act as a metabolic stress signal, especially when phosphoglucomutase (PGI) is inhibited, activating the mTOR pathway, promoting protein synthesis, and thereby participating in the remodeling process of the heart. D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium xhydrate can be used in research related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes and heart failure.

Biguanide	Mitochondrial Metabolism AMPK Insulin Receptor	Metabolic Disease Cancer
Biguanide is an orally active antihyperglycemic agent. Biguanide inhibits mitochondrial ATP production, activates the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway, and damages the energy homeostasis. Biguanide enhances *insulin-receptor* activation and downstream signaling. Biguanide exhibits potential in ameliorating the type 2 diabetes and the insulin-associated cancers.

NT219 1 Publications Verification	Insulin Receptor STAT	Cancer
NT219 is a potent and dual inhibitor of insulin receptor substrates 1/2 (IRS1/2) and STAT3. IRS1/2 and STAT3 are major signaling junctions regulated by various oncogenes. NT219 affects IRS1/2 degradation and inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation. NT219 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases .

KY-226 2 Publications Verification	Phosphatase	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease
KY-226 is a potent, selective, orally active and allosteric protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 0.25 μM, and without PPARγ agonist activity. KY-226 exerts anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects by enhancing insulin and leptin signaling, respectively. KY-226 also protects neurons from cerebral ischemic injury .

Setmelanotide monoacetate 5+ Cited Publications RM-493 monoacetate; BIM-22493 monoacetate; IRC-022493 monoacetate	Melanocortin Receptor Calmodulin AMPK	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Setmelanotide monoacetate (RM-493 monoacetate) is a blood-brain barrier-permeable, selective MC4R agonist with a K_i value of 2.1 nM for hMC4R. Setmelanotide monoacetate activates the CaMKK2/AMPK signaling pathway. Setmelanotide monoacetate mediates body weight homeostasis, feeding regulation and energy expenditure modulation; it reduces food intake, induces weight loss, decreases obesity severity, increases daytime activity and energy expenditure, lowers levels of leptin, triglycerides, fasting insulin and diastolic blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and fatty liver condition, and reverses respiratory depression. Setmelanotide monoacetate is applicable to research related to obesity, hyperinsulinemia, fatty liver and respiratory depression .

Mevalonolactone	Calcineurin Ras HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR)	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Mevalonolactone is an intermediate metabolite in the eukaryotic mevalonate pathway, serving as the stable δ-lactone form of mevalonate with oral activity. Mevalonolactone exhibits binding affinity for ZNF384 (K_a = 12.6 μM) and inhibitory activity against aconitase (aconitase). Mevalonolactone promotes the nuclear localization of ZNF384 and enhances its binding to the GGPPS promoter. Mevalonolactone induces insulin resistance, disrupts glucose and lipid metabolism, enhances the isoprenylation of K-Ras, and inhibits the activation of the insulin signaling pathway. Mevalonolactone inhibits polypeptide synthesis of HMG-CoA reductase in isolated rat hepatocytes, promotes its degradation, and reduces its enzymatic activity. Mevalonolactone impairs mitochondrial function in rat brains. Mevalonolactone promotes the development of metabolically unhealthy obesity. Mevalonolactone can be used in research related to metabolically abnormal obesity, mevalonic aciduria, HMGCR-related limb-girdle myopathy, and statin-induced myopathy .

Marein 3 Publications Verification	AMPK HDAC	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease
Marein has the neuroprotective effect due to a reduction of damage to mitochondria function and activation of the *AMPK signal* pathway*. Marein improves insulin* resistance induced by high glucose in HepG2 cells through CaMKK/AMPK/GLUT1 to promote glucose uptake, through IRS/Akt/GSK-3β to increase glycogen synthesis, and through Akt/FoxO1 to decrease gluconeogenesis. Marein is a HDAC inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 100 μM. Marein has beneficial antioxidative, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic effects .

AM6545	Cannabinoid Receptor	Metabolic Disease
AM6545 is a highly selective, brain-free (peripherally active) CB1 receptor antagonist (K_i=1.7 nM). AM6545 inhibits endocannabinoid signaling by competitively antagonizing CB1 receptors, inhibiting CB1-mediated appetite stimulation and inflammatory responses without affecting cAMP levels. AM6545 significantly reduces food intake and body weight in mice, while improving metabolic syndrome-related renal impairment (such as proteinuria, fibrosis) and insulin resistance. AM6545 can be used in the study of obesity and its complications .

Oxyberberine 2 Publications Verification Oxyberberin; Berlambine; 8-Oxoberberine	Others	Infection Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Oxyberberine (Oxyberberin; Berlambine) is an orally effective heme oxygenase HO-1 agonist that can activate antioxidant mechanisms by regulating the PI3K/Akt/AMPK signaling pathway. Oxyberberine induces HO-1 expression, increases SOD and GSH-Px activity, inhibits NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses, and improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Oxyberberine has anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and can be used to study type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and inflammatory bowel disease .

Notoginsenoside Ft1 1 Publications Verification	PI3K mTOR Akt Apoptosis p38 MAPK ERK Transmembrane Glycoprotein Glutathione Reductase (GR) Estrogen Receptor/ERR Calcium Channel Ferroptosis G protein-coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 FXR	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Notoginsenoside Ft1 is an orally active bioactive saponin. Notoginsenoside Ft1 inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, activates the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, and increases the proportion of CD8 ⁺ T cells, thereby inducing apoptosis and lysosomal cell death in various cancer cells, and promoting angiogenesis. Notoginsenoside Ft1 causes vasodilation by activating glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in endothelial cells. Notoginsenoside Ft1 increases intracellular Ca ²⁺ accumulation, reduces cAMP levels by activating a signaling network mediated through P2Y₁₂ receptors, and promotes platelet aggregation, thereby exerting a procoagulant effect. Notoginsenoside Ft1 inhibits ferroptosis (ferroptosis) in renal tubular epithelial cells by activating the TGR5 receptor, thereby demonstrating a renal protective effect. Notoginsenoside Ft1 acts as a TGR5 agonist and an FXR antagonist to combat obesity and insulin resistance .

Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol, also known as inositol or inositol, is a cyclic sugar alcohol consisting of a six-carbon ring with six hydroxyl groups. This compound is important for its biological activity and is widely distributed in nature, especially in plant and animal tissues. It plays a role in various physiological processes such as signal transduction, osmoregulation and lipid metabolism. In addition, Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol has potential investigational effects, including improving conditions related to insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and mental health conditions. It can also be used as a supplement in animal feed and human nutritional products.

Myricanol	NAMPT Sirtuin Microtubule/Tubulin Apoptosis Autophagy PDGFR NF-κB AMPK	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Myricanol is a diarylheptanoid and a Nampt activator. Myricanol exerts anti-inflammatory effects and alleviates glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy by increasing Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and PRDX5 activities while regulating inflammatory factors. Myricanol exhibits growth inhibition and induces apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Myricanol promotes autophagy-mediated clearance of microtubule-associated protein tau to exert neuroprotective effects. Myricanol protects cardiovascular function by inhibiting PDGFRβ and NF-κB signaling pathways. Myricanol activates mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) expression to exert anti-renal fibrosis effects. Myricanol improves insulin resistance through AMPK activation .

8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP-AM	PKA	Metabolic Disease
8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP-AM is a cyclic AMP analogue, selectively activates Epac-Rap signaling pathway. 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP-AM protects renal function by activating Epac from ischemia injury. 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP-AM also stimulates insulin secretion by interaction with PKA pathway .

Simufilam hydrochloride 1 Publications Verification PTI-125 hydrochloride	mTOR iGluR Amyloid-β Tau Protein	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Simufilam hydrochloride (PTI-125 hydrochloride) is an orally active FLNA modulator. Simufilam hydrochloride restores NMDAR signaling and Arc expression. Simufilam hydrochloride inhibits overactive mTOR signaling by restoring the normal conformation of FLNA, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces Aβ₄₂-induced neuroinflammation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Simufilam hydrochloride can be used for research of Alzheimer's disease .

i-Inositol (Standard) myo-Inositol (Standard); meso-Inositol (Standard)	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite	Others
i-Inositol (Standard) is the analytical standard of i-Inositol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. i-Inositol (myo-Inositol) is a compound of sugar alcohols. i-Inositol is involved in a series of biological processes such as insulin signal transduction and cytoskeletal transduction. i-Inositol mainly exists in glial cells and plays an osmotic role .

Beloranib ZGN-440; CKD-732 free base	MetAP NF-κB	Metabolic Disease
Beloranib (ZGN-440; CKD-732 free base) is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of methionine aminopeptidase MetAP2 that suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure. Beloranib blocks the enzymatic cleavage of N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins by forming a covalent bond with MetAP2, thereby regulating fatty acid metabolism, adrenergic signaling, and hypothalamic NF-κB expression. Beloranib significantly reduces food intake, body weight, and fat accumulation, while improving glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism. Beloranib also elevates energy expenditure and fat oxidation levels, without affecting body temperature, spontaneous activity, or the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Beloranib can be used in research on obesity and hypothalamic obesity .

(Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II	Angiotensin Receptor	Metabolic Disease
(Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II is a functionally selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) agonist. (Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II potentiates insulin-stimulated insulin receptor (IR) signaling and glycogen synthesis. (Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II potentiates insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3α/β .

Cat. No.	Product Name

HY-L040

Anti-diabetic Compound Library

1,113 compounds

Diabetes mellitus, usually called diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. The most common types are Type I and Type II. Type I diabetes (T1D), also called juvenile onset diabetes mellitus or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is characterized by destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas and insulin is not produced, whereas type II diabetes (T2D), also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is characterized by a progressive impairment of insulin secretion and relative decreased sensitivity of target tissues to the action of this hormone. Type 2 diabetes accounts for the vast majority of all diabetes mellitus. Diabetes of all types can lead to complications in many parts of the body and can increase the overall risk of dying prematurely. Possible complications include kidney failure, leg amputation, vision loss and nerve damage.

The pathogenesis of diabetes is complicated, and development of the safe and effective drugs against diabetes is full of challenge. Increasing studies have confirmed that the pathogenesis of diabetes is related to various signaling pathways, such as insulin signaling pathway, AMPK pathway, PPAR regulation and chromatin modification pathways. These signaling pathways have thus become the major source of the promising novel drug targets to treat metabolic diseases and diabetes.

MCE Anti-diabetic Compound Library owns a unique collection of 1,113 compounds, which mainly target SGLT, PPAR, DPP-4, AMPK, Dipeptidyl Peptidase, Glucagon Receptor, etc. This library is a useful tool for discovery anti-diabetes drugs.

HY-L016

Protein Tyrosine Kinase Compound Library

1,578 compounds

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are key signaling molecules and important drug targets. Two classes of PTKs are present in cells: the transmembrane receptor PTKs (RTKs) and the nonreceptor PTKs. The RTK family includes the receptors for insulin and for many growth factors, such as EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and NGFR. RTKs are transmembrane glycoproteins that are activated by the binding of their ligands, and they transduce the extracellular signal to the cytoplasm by phosphorylating tyrosine residues on the receptors themselves (autophosphorylation) and on downstream signaling proteins. Their principal functions of PTKs involve the regulation of multicellular aspects of the organism. Cell to cell signals concerning growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and death are frequently transmitted through tyrosine kinases. In humans, tyrosine kinases have been demonstrated to play significant roles in the development of many disease states, including diabetes and cancers.

MCE designs a unique collection of 1,578 compounds that act as a useful tool for PTKs-related drug screening and disease research.

HY-L101

Anti-Liver Cancer Compound Library

2,838 compounds

Liver cancer is one of the leading malignancies which occupies the second position in cancer deaths worldwide, becoming serious threat to human health. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), also known as hepatoma is the most common type accounting for approximately 90% of all liver cancers.

Current evidence indicates that during hepatocarcinogenesis, two main pathogenic mechanisms prevail: (1) cirrhosis associated with hepatic regeneration after tissue damage caused by hepatitis infection, toxins or metabolic influences, and (2) mutations occurring in single or multiple oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Both mechanisms have been linked with alterations in several important cellular signaling pathways. These include the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, WNT/b-catenin pathway, insulin-like growth factor pathway, c-MET/HGFR pathway , etc.

MCE offers a unique collection of 2,838 compounds with identified and potential anti-liver cancer activity. MCE anti-liver cancer compound library is a useful tool for anti-liver cancer drugs screening and other related research.

Cat. No.	Product Name	Type

HY-D3174

PiF

Fluorescent Dyes

PiF is a fluorescent probe with high specificity for pancreatic β-cells (Ex/Em = 535 nm/565 nm), and its fluorescence signal increases significantly with elevated insulin concentrations in in vitro experiments. PiF enables visualization of rat and human islets transplanted via the portal vein in mouse livers with low liver background signals. The fluorine atom of PiF can be replaced by radioactive ¹⁸F to prepare a PET tracer. PiF can be used for research on type 1 diabetes .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Type

HY-W021265

Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol

Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol, also known as inositol or inositol, is a cyclic sugar alcohol consisting of a six-carbon ring with six hydroxyl groups. This compound is important for its biological activity and is widely distributed in nature, especially in plant and animal tissues. It plays a role in various physiological processes such as signal transduction, osmoregulation and lipid metabolism. In addition, Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol has potential investigational effects, including improving conditions related to insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and mental health conditions. It can also be used as a supplement in animal feed and human nutritional products.

HY-NP192

Sericin

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Sericin is an orally active globular protein produced by silkworm cocoons. Sericin inhibits the expression of COX2, iNOS, TLR4, MAPK and NF-κB; reduces the levels of IL-18, IL-1 and CCL2; antagonizes the activity of AChE; and downregulates the expression of Bcl-2. Sericin enhances the PI3K/AKT-mediated insulin signaling pathway. Sericin inhibits the activity of tyrosinase (Tyrosinase), scavenges ROS, chelates metal ions, and increases the levels of antioxidant enzymes. Sericin induces apoptosis and arrests the cell cycle. Sericin exhibits antibacterial, moisturizing, cardioprotective and anticoagulant properties. Sericin can be used in research related to type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, colon cancer, peripheral nerve injury and ischemic myocardial infarction .

HY-W145699

D-myo-Inositol 4-monophosphate

Biochemical Assay Reagents

D-myo-Inositol 4-mono-phosphate, also known as IMP, is a phosphorylated form of inositol that is commonly found in various metabolic pathways, especially in the biosynthesis of phospholipids and cell signaling molecules. D-myo-Inositol 4-mono-phosphate has unique chemical properties that make it an important intermediate in the production of second messengers, such as inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which signal in cells plays a key role in. D-myo-Inositol 4-mono-phosphate is also used in dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals because of its potential health benefits, including improved insulin sensitivity and cognitive function.

HY-112537A

D-Glucose 6-phosphate dipotassium

Biochemical Assay Reagents

D-Glucose 6-phosphate dipotassium is a key central node metabolite in glucose metabolism. It serves as the initiating metabolite for glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as a substrate for glycogen synthesis. D-Glucose 6-phosphate dipotassium acts as a metabolic stress signal, which activates the mTOR pathway to promote protein synthesis, especially when phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is inhibited, thereby participating in cardiac remodeling processes. D-Glucose 6-phosphate dipotassium can be used in research related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and heart failure .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area

HY-109556

Insulin Detemir	Akt ERK	Metabolic Disease
Insulin Detemir is an artificial insulin, shows effect on controlling blood sugar levels. Insulin Detemir stimulates GLP-1 secretion as a consequence of enhanced Gcg expression by a mechanism involving activation of Akt- and/or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent-cat and CREB signaling pathways. Insulin Detemir can be used for type 2 diabetes research .

HY-19870C

Setmelanotide monoacetate 5+ Cited Publications RM-493 monoacetate; BIM-22493 monoacetate; IRC-022493 monoacetate	Melanocortin Receptor Calmodulin AMPK	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Setmelanotide monoacetate (RM-493 monoacetate) is a blood-brain barrier-permeable, selective MC4R agonist with a K_i value of 2.1 nM for hMC4R. Setmelanotide monoacetate activates the CaMKK2/AMPK signaling pathway. Setmelanotide monoacetate mediates body weight homeostasis, feeding regulation and energy expenditure modulation; it reduces food intake, induces weight loss, decreases obesity severity, increases daytime activity and energy expenditure, lowers levels of leptin, triglycerides, fasting insulin and diastolic blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and fatty liver condition, and reverses respiratory depression. Setmelanotide monoacetate is applicable to research related to obesity, hyperinsulinemia, fatty liver and respiratory depression .

HY-P4685

(Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II	Angiotensin Receptor	Metabolic Disease
(Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II is a functionally selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) agonist. (Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II potentiates insulin-stimulated insulin receptor (IR) signaling and glycogen synthesis. (Sar1,Ile4,8)-Angiotensin II potentiates insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3α/β .

HY-P10413

SHBG(141–161)	Androgen Receptor	Metabolic Disease Endocrinology
SHBG 141-161 is a GPRC6A receptor agonist. SHBG 141-161 mimics the action of GPRC6A endogenous agonist uncarboxylated osteocalcin by binding to GPRC6A and promoting downstream signaling to increase testosterone and insulin secretion. SHBG 141-161 also reduces the affinity of GPRC6A to GDP protein by binding to the outer cell domain of GPRC6A thus affecting the dynamics of signal transduction. SHBG 141-161 can be used to study GPRC6A in energy metabolism and endocrine regulation .

HY-P3255

DA-JC4 1 Publications Verification	Insulin Receptor	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
DA-JC4 is a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist and can be used for the research of neurological disease and insulin signaling pathways .

HY-P5081

Endotrophin (Mus musculus)	TGF-β Receptor Collagen	Inflammation/Immunology
Endotrophin (Mus musculus) is an adipokine, a cleavage fragment derived from Collagen VI, whose levels are elevated in adipose tissue and breast tumors of obese mice. Endotrophin (Mus musculus) activates the TGF-β signaling pathway and reduces the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase. Endotrophin (Mus musculus) induces adipogenesis, lipid accumulation, fibrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, adipose tissue expansion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and insulin resistance; it also induces Cisplatin (HY-17394) resistance in cancer cells. Endotrophin (Mus musculus) can be used in research related to metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, as well as cancers such as breast cancer .

HY-P11196

Allatostatin C AstC	Peptides	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease
Allatostatin C (AstC) is a neuropeptide that suppresses gonadotropin production. Allatostatin C generates oogenesis rhythm by regulating juvenile hormone and vitellogenesis indirectly via insulin signaling. Allatostatin C can be used for neurological research .

HY-P1544

Cerebellin	Endogenous Metabolite Adenylate Cyclase PKA Calcium Channel	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease
Cerebellin is a neuromodulatory hexadecapeptide that serves as a marker for Purkinje cell maturation. Cerebellin stimulates norepinephrine release via the adenylate cyclase/PKA-dependent signaling pathway. Cerebellin reduces insulin secretion from pancreatic islets under high-glucose conditions. Cerebellin also regulates synaptic structure formation and controls catecholamine secretion in peripheral tissues. Cerebellin can be used in neurological research .

HY-P1544A

Cerebellin TFA	Calcium Channel PKA Endogenous Metabolite Adenylate Cyclase	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease
Cerebellin TFA is a neuromodulatory hexadecapeptide that serves as a marker for Purkinje cell maturation. Cerebellin TFA stimulates norepinephrine release via the adenylate cyclase/PKA-dependent signaling pathway. Cerebellin TFA reduces insulin secretion from pancreatic islets under high-glucose conditions. Cerebellin TFA also regulates synaptic structure formation and controls catecholamine secretion in peripheral tissues. Cerebellin TFA can be used in neurological research .

HY-P11604

C16 acid-I-{Lys(C10 diacid)}-KQELRRIGDEF	Phosphatase	Inflammation/Immunology
C16 acid-I-{Lys (C10 diacid)}-KQELRRIGDEF is a cell-permeable and internalizable PTPN1/2 inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 107.6 nM and 3375 nM, respectively. C16 acid-I-{Lys (C10 diacid)}-KQELRRIGDEF restores insulin signaling in HepG2 cells. C16 acid-I-{Lys (C10 diacid)}-KQELRRIGDEF achieves glycemic control in db/db diabetic mice. C16 acid-I-{Lys (C10 diacid)}-KQELRRIGDEF can be used in the research of type 2 diabetes .

HY-P5081A

Endotrophin (Mus musculus) TFA	TGF-β Receptor Collagen	Inflammation/Immunology
Endotrophin (Mus musculus) TFA is an adipokine, a cleavage fragment derived from Collagen VI, whose levels are elevated in adipose tissue and breast tumors of obese mice. Endotrophin (Mus musculus) TFA activates the TGF-β signaling pathway and reduces the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase. Endotrophin (Mus musculus) TFA induces adipogenesis, lipid accumulation, fibrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, adipose tissue expansion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and insulin resistance; it also induces Cisplatin (HY-17394) resistance in cancer cells. Endotrophin (Mus musculus) TFA can be used in research related to metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, as well as cancers such as breast cancer .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area	Image

HY-P991134

Elegrobart	IGF-1R	Inflammation/Immunology
Elegrobart is an immunoglobulin G1-κ monoclonal antibody targeting the human insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). Elegrobart is promising for research of diseases associated with abnormal IGF1R signaling, especially thyroid eye disease .

HY-P990252

Anti-Mouse Delta-like protein 4/DLL4 Antibody (HMD4-2)	Notch Interleukin Related NF-κB VEGFR FGFR NO Synthase	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Anti-Mouse Delta-like protein 4/DLL4 Antibody (HMD4-2) is an anti-mouse Delta-like protein 4/DLL4 IgG monoclonal antibody. Anti-Mouse Delta-like protein 4/DLL4 Antibody (HMD4-2) can reduce angiogenesis and density by blocking the DLL4-Notch signaling pathway. Anti-Mouse Delta-like protein 4/DLL4 Antibody (HMD4-2) reduces inflammatory response by decreasing NF-κB activity and pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, iNOS, IL-6) levels. Anti-Mouse Delta-like protein 4/DLL4 Antibody (HMD4-2) can inhibit Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17A production. Anti-Mouse Delta-like protein 4/DLL4 Antibody (HMD4-2) can reduce macrophage infiltration and alleviate insulin resistance. Anti-Mouse Delta-like protein 4/DLL4 Antibody (HMD4-2) can be used for researches on inflammation, metabolic conditions and cancer such as atherosclerosis, pancreatic cancer and asthma .

HY-P992108

Efadirelaxin alfa RELAX10	RXFP Receptor Akt NO Synthase VEGFR	Cardiovascular Disease
Efadirelaxin alfa (RELAX10) is a highly selective agonist of *relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor* RXFP1. After subcutaneous administration in animal experiments, Efadirelaxin alfa exhibits a significantly prolonged terminal half-life (7 days in mice, 3.75 days in rats), and shows no activity against related receptors such as RXFP2 and RXFP3. Efadirelaxin alfa has significant anti-cardiac hypertrophy and anti-fibrotic effects. Efadirelaxin alfa effectively attenuates and reverses cardiac hypertrophy and collagen deposition by regulating the TGF-β1/Smad2 and AKT/eNOS signaling pathways. Efadirelaxin alfa improves cardiac systolic function without causing fluctuations in blood pressure or heart rate, demonstrating favorable safety. Efadirelaxin alfa is currently mainly used in studies related to heart failure .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-N0322

Cholesterol (from animal) 80+ Cited Publications	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Steroids Source Classification Cancer	Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite Estrogen Receptor/ERR Bacterial Liposome
Cholesterol (from animal) is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol (from animal) plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins . Cholesterol (from animal) is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist .

HY-B1411

i-Inositol 5+ Cited Publications myo-Inositol; meso-Inositol	Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Immune System Disorder Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Anti-aging Disease markers Other Diseases Endocrine diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
i-Inositol (myo-Inositol) is a compound of sugar alcohols. i-Inositol is involved in a series of biological processes such as insulin signal transduction and cytoskeletal transduction. i-Inositol mainly exists in glial cells and plays an osmotic role .

HY-N5034

Phosphorylethanolamine 4 Publications Verification Monoaminoethyl phosphate; NSC 254167; O-Phosphoethanolamine	Natural Products Immune System Disorder Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Disease markers Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
Phosphorylethanolamine (Monoaminoethyl phosphate) is a membrane phospholipid and an important precursor of Phosphatidylcholine (HY-B2233B). It is found in most animal tissues and various human extracranial tumors, playing a critical role in membrane integrity, cell division, mitochondrial respiratory function, and more. Studies have shown that changes in the abundance of Phosphorylethanolamine are associated with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Lowering the ratio of Phosphorylethanolamine to Phosphatidylcholine in the liver can improve insulin signaling. Phosphorylethanolamine holds promise for research in the fields of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases .

HY-N0457

Chicoric acid 2 Publications Verification Cichoric acid; Dicaffeoyltartaric acid	other families Classification of Application Fields Anti-aging Other Phenylpropanoids Phenols Polyphenols Metabolic Disease Phenylpropanoids Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Apoptosis
Chicoric acid (Cichoric acid), an orally active dicaffeyltartaric acid, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Chicoric acid inhibits cell viability and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Chicoric acid increases glucose uptake, improves insulin resistance, and attenuates glucosamine-induced inflammation. Chicoric acid has antidiabetic properties and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects .

HY-112537

D-Glucose 6-phosphate 4 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite mTOR
D-Glucose 6-phosphate is a key central node metabolite in glucose metabolism. It serves as the initiating metabolite for glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as a substrate for glycogen synthesis. D-Glucose 6-phosphate acts as a metabolic stress signal, which activates the mTOR pathway to promote protein synthesis, especially when phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is inhibited, thereby participating in cardiac remodeling processes. D-Glucose 6-phosphate can be used in research related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and heart failure .

HY-W012722

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid 1 Publications Verification α-Ketoisocaproic acid	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Immune System Disorder Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Disease markers Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy mTOR SOD
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (α-Ketoisocaproic acid) is a metabolite of L-leucine and is involved in energy metabolism. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid increases endoplasmic reticulum stress, promotes lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and insulin resistance by impairing mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid also causes oxidative damage, leading to cognitive deficits, inhibits α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity, acts as an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler and metabolic inhibitor. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid acts as a nutrient signal and stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid can be used in the study of maple syrup urine disease .

HY-N2515

Ginsenoside Rk1 5+ Cited Publications	Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Triterpenes Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Araliaceae Source Classification	NF-κB PI3K JAK Apoptosis
Ginsenoside Rk1 is a unique component created by processing the ginseng plant (mainly Sung Ginseng, SG) at high temperatures . Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-inflammatory effect, suppresses the activation of Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway and NF-κB . Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-tumor effect, antiplatelet aggregation activities, anti-insulin resistance, nephroprotective effect, antimicrobial effect, cognitive function enhancement, lipid accumulation reduction and prevents osteoporosis . Ginsenoside Rk1 induces cell apoptosis by triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and blocking PI3K/Akt pathway .

HY-N9933

Tauro-β-muricholic acid 4 Publications Verification TβMCA	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Animals Endogenous metabolite Steroids Source Classification	FXR Apoptosis
Tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) is an orally active trihydroxylated bile acid and a competitive, reversible FXR antagonist (IC₅₀=40 μM). Tauro-β-muricholic acid inhibits bile acid-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential, while simultaneously inhibiting intestinal FXR signaling, affecting bile acid synthesis, hepatic lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Accumulation of tauro-β-muricholic acid disrupts metabolic homeostasis, promoting cancer stem cell proliferation and tumor progression. The mechanisms of tauro-β-muricholic acid involve two aspects: first, inhibiting the translocation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax to mitochondria and maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); and second, blocking the FXR signaling pathway to regulate bile acid metabolism, reduce serum ceramide production, and downregulate the hepatic SREBP1C/CIDEA pathway. Tauro-β-muricholic acid possesses anti-hepatocyte apoptosis, bile acid homeostasis regulation, and liver fat accumulation reduction properties, and also functions as a biomarker, making it useful in the study of diseases such as bile acid metabolism disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, colorectal cancer, and liver fibrosis .

HY-N2593

Isorhapontigenin 4 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Stilbenes Classification of Application Fields Gnetum cleistostachyum C. Y. Cheng Phenols Polyphenols Gnetaceae Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Autophagy Apoptosis NF-κB PI3K Akt MMP Keap1-Nrf2
Isorhapontigenin is an orally active dietary polyphenol. Isorhapontigenin acts as a potent antioxidant that reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Isorhapontigenin promotes the binding of JUN to the AP-1 site on the SESN2 promoter, induces SESN2 transcription, triggers MAPK8-dependent JUN activation, and upregulates the expression of PPAR-α, PGC-1α and CPT-1A to facilitate fatty acid oxidation. Isorhapontigenin induces autophagy, apoptosis and preadipocyte differentiation; it inhibits tumor growth, cell invasion, NF-κB transcriptional activity, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, STAT1 phosphorylation and MMP-2 expression. Isorhapontigenin alleviates oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine release and triglyceride accumulation; it increases intracellular ATP levels and promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Isorhapontigenin improves insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and glucose tolerance, and reduces postprandial blood glucose, insulin and free fatty acid levels. Isorhapontigenin is applicable to research on bladder cancer, liver injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury and type 2 diabetes .

HY-125848

Ginsenoside F2	Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Triterpenes Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Plants Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Araliaceae Source Classification Cancer	Apoptosis AMPK PPAR p38 MAPK PI3K Akt GSK-3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) SOD Caspase
Ginsenoside F2 is an orally active bioactive compound that participates in the regulation of metabolism and inflammation. Ginsenoside F2 promotes the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC, binds to PPARγ, inhibits the phosphorylation of MAPK, activates the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway, reduces GLRX expression, and regulates lipid metabolism. Ginsenoside F2 reduces ROS production and MDA levels, restores SOD activity in cells, and alleviates oxidative stress. Ginsenoside F2 induces cell apoptosis (Apoptosis) and increases the number of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells. Ginsenoside F2 reduces body weight gain, adipose tissue weight and serum lipid levels in obese mice, and activates the hepatic AMPK signaling pathway and the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Ginsenoside F2 alleviates atopic dermatitis in mice by inhibiting inflammation and reshaping the gut microbiota . Ginsenoside F2 is applicable to research related to insulin resistance, obesity, atopic dermatitis, liver cancer, glioblastoma and glioma .

HY-77813

Benzyl isothiocyanate	Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Opiliaceae Plants Disease Research Fields Endocrinology Salvadora persica Source Classification	Bacterial Apoptosis Antibiotic Parasite Autophagy Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Benzyl isothiocyanate is an orally available isothiocyanate with bactericidal, anticancer, antiangiogenic and anthelmintic activities. Benzyl isothiocyanate exerts anticancer functions by regulating multiple signaling pathways, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. In addition, Benzyl isothiocyanate can enhance muscle insulin sensitivity to improve obesity-induced hyperglycemia .

HY-N0466

Rebaudioside A	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Plants Compositae Endogenous metabolite Sweeteners Food Research Trifolium hybridum L. Terpenoids Other Diseases Diterpenoids Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Glycosidase HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) LDLR
Rebaudioside A is an orally effective steviol glycoside with high sweetness. Rebaudioside A acts as an inhibitor of α-glucosidase with an IC₅₀ value of 35.01 μg/mL. Rebaudioside A increases the ATP/ADP ratio in β cells in a glucose-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting KATP channels, leading to membrane depolarization, calcium influx, and ultimately stimulating insulin secretion. Rebaudioside A activates the SREBP signaling pathway by inhibiting HMGCR, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, resulting in increased expression of LDLR on the cell surface, thus promoting the uptake of LDL-C in the blood. Rebaudioside A can be used for studies on blood glucose and lipid regulation as well as anti-obesity .

HY-143712

Allolithocholic acid 1 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Steroids Source Classification	Drug Metabolite G protein-coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 ROR
Allolithocholic acid is an orally active metabolite of Lithocholic acid (HY-B0172). Allolithocholic acid is a dual GPBAR1 agonist (EC₅₀ = 2.7 μM) and RORγt inverse agonist (IC₅₀ = 3.4 μM). Allolithocholic acid modulates immune and metabolic pathways, regulates immune cell polarization, prevents M1 macrophage and Th17 CD4 cell polarization. Allolithocholic acid improves insulin sensitivity, reduces liver lipid accumulation, reverses liver immunological, inflammatory and metabolic signaling dysregulation, restores bile acid homeostasis, adipose tissue histopathology/function, and intestinal microbiota composition, modulates intestinal immunity. Allolithocholic acid can be used for the researches of cancer, inflammayion, immunology and metabolic disease .

HY-N2468

Xylobiose 1,4-β-D-Xylobiose; 1,4-D-Xylobiose	Zea mays L. Polysaccharides Classification of Application Fields Gramineae Other Diseases Plants Disease Research Fields Saccharides Source Classification	TNF Receptor Claudin HSP
Xylobiose (1,4-β-D-Xylobiose; 1,4-D-Xylobiose) is an orally active Claudin 2/CLDN2 inhibitor and HSP27 inducer. Xylobiose works by regulating intestinal barrier function and glucose and lipid metabolism-related signaling pathways. Xylobiose inhibits CLDN2 expression to reduce intestinal permeability, induces HSP27 to enhance cell protection, and regulates the miR-122a/miR-33a axis to inhibit liver lipid synthesis and improve insulin resistance. Xylobiose can strengthen intestinal barrier integrity, reduce blood sugar and blood lipid levels, and reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Xylobiose can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome .

HY-N0628

Kaempferitrin 5 Publications Verification Lespedin; Lespenephryl	Flavonols Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Leguminosae Bauhinia × blakeana Dunn Phenols Polyphenols Metabolic Disease Plants Disease Research Fields Endocrinology Source Classification	Insulin Receptor
Kaempferitrin is a natural flavonoid, possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumoral and chemopreventive effects, and activates *insulin* signaling pathway.

HY-N1419

Vaccarin 1 Publications Verification	Flavonoids other families Classification of Application Fields Flavones Phenols Polyphenols Metabolic Disease Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	AMPK Akt ERK p38 MAPK NF-κB Nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT) JNK
Vaccarin is an orally active flavonoid glycoside with multiple biological functions. Vaccarin promotes neovascularization by activating AKT and ERK. Vaccarin activates the AMPK signaling pathway to improve insulin resistance and steatosis. Vaccarin is a MAPK, NF-κB, and NFAT inhibitor, effectively blocking RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis .

HY-117660

Lincomycin 5 Publications Verification U-10149	Infection Alkaloids Structural Classification Microorganisms Pyrrole Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Antibiotic Bacterial DNA/RNA Synthesis
Lincomycin (U-10149) is an orally active lincosamide antibiotic. Lincomycin binds to the ribosomes of Gram-positive bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Lincomycin can inhibit chloroplast translation, disrupt chloroplast integrity, and activate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Lincomycin induces alterations in lipid profiles and liver injury, disrupts blood glucose and insulin levels, and increases growth rate in mice .

HY-N10319

Artepillin C	Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Plants Compositae Artemisia capillaris Thunb. Source Classification	Epigenetic Reader Domain Necroptosis TRP Channel
Artepillin C is an orally active CREB/CRTC2 inhibitor and TRPA1 covalent agonist (EC₅₀=1.8 μM). Artepillin C inhibits CREB/CRTC2-mediated gene transcription and downregulates BMAL1 expression to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Artepillin C can also activate TRPA1 channels to induce spicy taste signals. Artepillin C can inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce necroptosis, improve insulin resistance and inhibit liver lipid synthesis. Artepillin C can be used in the study of metabolic syndrome, tumor prevention and treatment, and inflammation .

HY-B0417A

Lincomycin hydrochloride 5 Publications Verification U10149A	Infection Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Mammalian Cell Culture Antibacterial Disease Research Disease Research Fields Other Antibiotics Plant agriculture research Source Classification	DNA/RNA Synthesis Antibiotic Bacterial
Lincomycin hydrochloride (U10149A) is an orally active lincosamide antibiotic. Lincomycin hydrochloride binds to the ribosomes of Gram-positive bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Lincomycin hydrochloride can inhibit chloroplast translation, disrupt chloroplast integrity, and activate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Lincomycin hydrochloride induces alterations in lipid profiles and liver injury, disrupts blood glucose and insulin levels, and increases growth rate in mice .

HY-B1358

Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate 5 Publications Verification U-10149 hydrochloride monohydrate	Infection Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Mammalian Cell Culture Antibacterial Disease Research Disease Research Fields Other Antibiotics Plant agriculture research Source Classification	DNA/RNA Synthesis Antibiotic Bacterial
Lincomycin (U-10149) hydrochloride monohydrate is an orally active lincosamide antibiotic. Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate binds to the ribosomes of Gram-positive bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate can inhibit chloroplast translation, disrupt chloroplast integrity, and activate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate induces alterations in lipid profiles and liver injury, disrupts blood glucose and insulin levels, and increases growth rate in mice .

HY-135700

Mevalonolactone	Structural Classification Microorganisms Other Phenylpropanoids Phenylpropanoids Source Classification	Calcineurin Ras HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR)
Mevalonolactone is an intermediate metabolite in the eukaryotic mevalonate pathway, serving as the stable δ-lactone form of mevalonate with oral activity. Mevalonolactone exhibits binding affinity for ZNF384 (K_a = 12.6 μM) and inhibitory activity against aconitase (aconitase). Mevalonolactone promotes the nuclear localization of ZNF384 and enhances its binding to the GGPPS promoter. Mevalonolactone induces insulin resistance, disrupts glucose and lipid metabolism, enhances the isoprenylation of K-Ras, and inhibits the activation of the insulin signaling pathway. Mevalonolactone inhibits polypeptide synthesis of HMG-CoA reductase in isolated rat hepatocytes, promotes its degradation, and reduces its enzymatic activity. Mevalonolactone impairs mitochondrial function in rat brains. Mevalonolactone promotes the development of metabolically unhealthy obesity. Mevalonolactone can be used in research related to metabolically abnormal obesity, mevalonic aciduria, HMGCR-related limb-girdle myopathy, and statin-induced myopathy .

HY-N7676

Marein 3 Publications Verification	Cardiovascular Disease Chalcones Flavonoids other families Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Phenols Polyphenols Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	AMPK HDAC
Marein has the neuroprotective effect due to a reduction of damage to mitochondria function and activation of the *AMPK signal* pathway*. Marein improves insulin* resistance induced by high glucose in HepG2 cells through CaMKK/AMPK/GLUT1 to promote glucose uptake, through IRS/Akt/GSK-3β to increase glycogen synthesis, and through Akt/FoxO1 to decrease gluconeogenesis. Marein is a HDAC inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 100 μM. Marein has beneficial antioxidative, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic effects .

HY-N5027

Oxyberberine 2 Publications Verification Oxyberberin; Berlambine; 8-Oxoberberine	Infection Structural Classification Alkaloids Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Classification of Application Fields Rutaceae Plants Isoquinoline Alkaloids Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Others
Oxyberberine (Oxyberberin; Berlambine) is an orally effective heme oxygenase HO-1 agonist that can activate antioxidant mechanisms by regulating the PI3K/Akt/AMPK signaling pathway. Oxyberberine induces HO-1 expression, increases SOD and GSH-Px activity, inhibits NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses, and improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Oxyberberine has anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and can be used to study type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and inflammatory bowel disease .

HY-N0910

Notoginsenoside Ft1 1 Publications Verification	Triterpenes Structural Classification Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. Chow Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Other Diseases Plants Disease Research Fields Araliaceae Source Classification	PI3K mTOR Akt Apoptosis p38 MAPK ERK Transmembrane Glycoprotein Glutathione Reductase (GR) Estrogen Receptor/ERR Calcium Channel Ferroptosis G protein-coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 FXR
Notoginsenoside Ft1 is an orally active bioactive saponin. Notoginsenoside Ft1 inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, activates the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, and increases the proportion of CD8 ⁺ T cells, thereby inducing apoptosis and lysosomal cell death in various cancer cells, and promoting angiogenesis. Notoginsenoside Ft1 causes vasodilation by activating glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in endothelial cells. Notoginsenoside Ft1 increases intracellular Ca ²⁺ accumulation, reduces cAMP levels by activating a signaling network mediated through P2Y₁₂ receptors, and promotes platelet aggregation, thereby exerting a procoagulant effect. Notoginsenoside Ft1 inhibits ferroptosis (ferroptosis) in renal tubular epithelial cells by activating the TGR5 receptor, thereby demonstrating a renal protective effect. Notoginsenoside Ft1 acts as a TGR5 agonist and an FXR antagonist to combat obesity and insulin resistance .

HY-W021265

Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol	Microorganisms Source Classification	Biochemical Assay Reagents
Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol, also known as inositol or inositol, is a cyclic sugar alcohol consisting of a six-carbon ring with six hydroxyl groups. This compound is important for its biological activity and is widely distributed in nature, especially in plant and animal tissues. It plays a role in various physiological processes such as signal transduction, osmoregulation and lipid metabolism. In addition, Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol has potential investigational effects, including improving conditions related to insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and mental health conditions. It can also be used as a supplement in animal feed and human nutritional products.

HY-N3225

Myricanol	Myrica ceriferaL. Phenols Polyphenols Plants Source Classification Myricaceae	NAMPT Sirtuin Microtubule/Tubulin Apoptosis Autophagy PDGFR NF-κB AMPK
Myricanol is a diarylheptanoid and a Nampt activator. Myricanol exerts anti-inflammatory effects and alleviates glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy by increasing Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and PRDX5 activities while regulating inflammatory factors. Myricanol exhibits growth inhibition and induces apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Myricanol promotes autophagy-mediated clearance of microtubule-associated protein tau to exert neuroprotective effects. Myricanol protects cardiovascular function by inhibiting PDGFRβ and NF-κB signaling pathways. Myricanol activates mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) expression to exert anti-renal fibrosis effects. Myricanol improves insulin resistance through AMPK activation .

HY-N12445

Quercetin-3'-O-glucoside 1 Publications Verification	Malvaceae Structural Classification Flavonols Flavonoids Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medicus Plants Source Classification	Topoisomerase Caspase Apoptosis SOD
Quercetin-3'-O-glucoside is an orally active flavonoid glycoside. Quercetin-3'-O-glucoside reduces liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity, alters serum insulin and glucose levels, and regulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver and kidney. Quercetin-3'-O-glucoside inhibits DNA topoisomerase II, induces S-phase cell cycle arrest and caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Quercetin-3'-O-glucoside selectively inhibits EGFR-mediated signaling pathways targeting AKT, ERK1/2, FAK and MEK1/2. Quercetin-3'-O-glucoside inhibits growth factor-induced migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells. Quercetin-3'-O-glucoside exerts free radical scavenging effects. Quercetin-3'-O-glucoside is applicable to research related to pancreatic cancer, diabetes, hepatocellular carcinoma and malignant tumors .

HY-B1411R

i-Inositol (Standard) myo-Inositol (Standard); meso-Inositol (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Immune System Disorder Microorganisms Disease markers Endocrine diseases Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite
i-Inositol (Standard) is the analytical standard of i-Inositol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. i-Inositol (myo-Inositol) is a compound of sugar alcohols. i-Inositol is involved in a series of biological processes such as insulin signal transduction and cytoskeletal transduction. i-Inositol mainly exists in glial cells and plays an osmotic role .

HY-N0857

Deoxyandrographolide 1 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Acanthaceae Simsia foetida (Cav.) S.F.Blake Terpenoids Diterpenoids Plants Source Classification	GLUT HDAC Virus Protease PI3K AMPK Akt Histone Demethylase MDM-2/p53 IFNAR Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Deoxyandrographolide is an orally active lactone found in the Andrographis paniculata Nees. Deoxyandrographolide shows a K_D of 38.4 μM of HDAC1. Deoxyandrographolide enhances GLUT4 plasma membrane translocation, activates PI3K and AMPK-dependent signaling pathways, suppresses fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol levels. Deoxyandrographolide enhances HDAC1 expression via inhibited ubiquitination degradation, represses H3K4me3, improves chromosome stability, and restrains aging biomarkers p16, p21, γH2A.X, p53 and ROS production. Deoxyandrographolide interacts with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3Cpro active site, inhibits protease and IFN-antagonist activity, derepresses ISG expression, and inhibits viral replication. Deoxyandrographolide can be used for the researches of type 2 diabetes mellitus, vascular senescence and virus infection .

HY-N2421

Sequoyitol 1 Publications Verification 5-O-Methyl-myo-inositol	Structural Classification Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Leguminosae Glycine max (L.) merr Metabolic Disease Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	NF-κB TGF-β Receptor Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Insulin Receptor Akt Parasite
Sequoyitol (5-O-Methyl-myo-inositol) is an orally active hypoglycemic agent and antioxidant. Sequoyitol can be isolated from herbaceous plants. Sequoyitol downregulates the expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1, reduces ROS production and malondialdehyde levels, and enhances total antioxidant capacity. Sequoyitol activates the insulin signaling pathway, including the phosphorylation of IR, IRS1 and Akt. Sequoyitol increases serum insulin levels, inhibits hepatic glucose production, and promotes cellular glucose uptake. Sequoyitol antagonizes TNFα-induced inhibition of the insulin signaling pathway, and decreases blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels. Sequoyitol elicits potential peaks in the chemosensors of adult and larval Atrophaneura alcinous, and acts as an oviposition stimulant for female Atrophaneura alcinous. Sequoyitol can be used in research related to type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetic nephropathy .

HY-N15841

C25 Ceramide (d18:1/25:0)	Structural Classification Lipid	Ceramidase
C25 Ceramide (d18:1/25:0) is an endogenous ultra-long-chain ceramide that antagonizes the detrimental effects of long-chain ceramides on *insulin* sensitivity. C25 Ceramide (d18:1/25:0) is specifically enriched in oxidative skeletal muscle fibers, where it serves dual roles in providing structural support to cell membranes and regulating cellular signaling. By participating in the regulation of lipid homeostasis within muscle fibers, C25 Ceramide (d18:1/25:0) helps maintain normal insulin signaling. C25 Ceramide (d18:1/25:0) is primarily utilized in research concerning metabolic diseases—particularly in mechanistic studies investigating the muscle fiber type-specific aspects of insulin resistance .

HY-N3426

Kazinol B	other families Classification of Application Fields Phenols Polyphenols Metabolic Disease Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	NO Synthase Akt AMPK
Kazinol B, a prenylated flavan with a dimethyl pyrane ring, is an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) production. Kazinol B improves insulin sensitivity by enhancing glucose uptake via the insulin-Akt signaling pathway and AMPK activation. Kazinol B has the potential for diabetes mellitus research .

HY-N10319R

Artepillin C (Standard)	Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Plants Compositae Artemisia capillaris Thunb. Source Classification	Reference Standards TRP Channel Necroptosis Epigenetic Reader Domain
Artepillin C (Standard) is the analytical standard of Artepillin C (HY-N10319). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Artepillin C is an orally active CREB/CRTC2 inhibitor and TRPA1 covalent agonist (EC₅₀=1.8 μM). Artepillin C inhibits CREB/CRTC2-mediated gene transcription and downregulates BMAL1 expression to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Artepillin C can also activate TRPA1 channels to induce spicy taste signals. Artepillin C can inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, improve insulin resistance and inhibit liver lipid synthesis. Artepillin C can be used in the study of metabolic syndrome, tumor prevention and treatment, and inflammation .

HY-N11262

Sudachitin	Structural Classification Flavonoids Flavones Rutaceae Citrus sudachi Hort. ex Shirai. Plants Source Classification	Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Sirtuin PGC-1α p38 MAPK HSP TNF Receptor NO Synthase Apoptosis
Sudachitin is an orally active compound that potently inhibits mouse PDE1C and human PDE4B, with IC₅₀ values of 5.0 μM and 15.0 μM, respectively. Sudachitin upregulates Sirt1 and PGC‑1α expression in skeletal muscle to regulate energy metabolism and promote mitochondrial biogenesis. Sudachitin improves lipid metabolism, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, and fatty acid β‑oxidation. Sudachitin activates p38MAPK signaling, induces HSP27 phosphorylation and caspase‑dependent apoptosis, and blocks EGF‑driven keratinocyte migration and proliferation. Sudachitin suppresses LPS‑induced TNF‑α, NO, and iNOS expression in macrophages and shows potent anti‑inflammatory activity. Sudachitin can be used for the research of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and psoriasis. .

HY-W145699

D-myo-Inositol 4-monophosphate	Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Biochemical Assay Reagents Endogenous Metabolite
D-myo-Inositol 4-mono-phosphate, also known as IMP, is a phosphorylated form of inositol that is commonly found in various metabolic pathways, especially in the biosynthesis of phospholipids and cell signaling molecules. D-myo-Inositol 4-mono-phosphate has unique chemical properties that make it an important intermediate in the production of second messengers, such as inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which signal in cells plays a key role in. D-myo-Inositol 4-mono-phosphate is also used in dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals because of its potential health benefits, including improved insulin sensitivity and cognitive function.

HY-N0457R

Chicoric acid (Standard) Cichoric acid (Standard); Dicaffeoyltartaric acid (Standard)	Structural Classification other families Other Phenylpropanoids Phenols Polyphenols Phenylpropanoids Plants Source Classification	Reference Standards Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Apoptosis
Chicoric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chicoric acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chicoric acid (Cichoric acid), an orally active dicaffeyltartaric acid, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Chicoric acid inhibits cell viability and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Chicoric acid increases glucose uptake, improves insulin resistance, and attenuates glucosamine-induced inflammation. Chicoric acid has antidiabetic properties and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects .

HY-N0466R

Rebaudioside A (Standard)	Structural Classification Trifolium hybridum L. Terpenoids Diterpenoids Plants Compositae Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Glycosidase HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) LDLR
Rebaudioside A (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rebaudioside A. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rebaudioside A is an orally effective steviol glycoside with high sweetness. Rebaudioside A acts as an inhibitor of α-glucosidase with an IC₅₀ value of 35.01 μg/mL. Rebaudioside A increases the ATP/ADP ratio in β cells in a glucose-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting KATP channels, leading to membrane depolarization, calcium influx, and ultimately stimulating insulin secretion. Rebaudioside A activates the SREBP signaling pathway by inhibiting HMGCR, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, resulting in increased expression of LDLR on the cell surface, thus promoting the uptake of LDL-C in the blood. Rebaudioside A can be used for studies on blood glucose and lipid regulation as well as anti-obesity.

HY-N2468R

Xylobiose (Standard) 1,4-β-D-Xylobiose (Standard); 1,4-D-Xylobiose (Standard)	Structural Classification Zea mays L. Polysaccharides Gramineae Plants Saccharides Source Classification	Reference Standards TNF Receptor Claudin HSP
Xylobiose (1,4-β-D-Xylobiose; 1,4-D-Xylobiose) is an orally active Claudin 2/CLDN2 inhibitor and HSP27 inducer. Xylobiose works by regulating intestinal barrier function and glucose and lipid metabolism-related signaling pathways. Xylobiose inhibits CLDN2 expression to reduce intestinal permeability, induces HSP27 to enhance cell protection, and regulates the miR-122a/miR-33a axis to inhibit liver lipid synthesis and improve insulin resistance. Xylobiose can strengthen intestinal barrier integrity, reduce blood sugar and blood lipid levels, and reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Xylobiose can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome .

HY-N16070

1-PP-myo-InsP5	Natural Products Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
1-PP-myo-InsP5 is an inositol pyrophosphate. 1-PP-myo-InsP5, as a signaling molecule in mammals, can transmit signals by binding to specific receptors or through non-enzymatic transphosphorylation. 1-PP-myo-InsP5 can be involved in various biological processes such as insulin signaling and telomere length regulation .

HY-N0628R

Kaempferitrin (Standard) Lespedin (Standard); Lespenephryl (Standard)	Flavonols Structural Classification Flavonoids Leguminosae Bauhinia × blakeana Dunn Phenols Polyphenols Plants Source Classification	Reference Standards Insulin Receptor
Kaempferitrin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Kaempferitrin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Kaempferitrin is a natural flavonoid, possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumoral and chemopreventive effects, and activates insulin signaling pathway.

HY-N1419R

Vaccarin (Standard)	Structural Classification Flavonoids other families Flavones Phenols Polyphenols Plants Source Classification	Reference Standards AMPK
Vaccarin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vaccarin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vaccarin is an active flavonoid glycoside associated with various biological functions. Vaccarin significantly promote wound healing and endothelial cells and fibroblasts proliferation in the wound site. Vaccarin ameliorates insulin resistance and steatosis by activating the AMPK signaling pathway .

HY-77813R

Benzyl isothiocyanate (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Opiliaceae Plants Salvadora persica Source Classification	Reference Standards Bacterial Apoptosis Antibiotic Parasite Autophagy Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Benzyl isothiocyanate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Benzyl isothiocyanate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Benzyl isothiocyanate is an orally available isothiocyanate with bactericidal, anticancer, antiangiogenic and anthelmintic activities. Benzyl isothiocyanate exerts anticancer functions by regulating multiple signaling pathways, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. In addition, Benzyl isothiocyanate can enhance muscle insulin sensitivity to improve obesity-induced hyperglycemia[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].

HY-117660R

Lincomycin (Standard) U-10149 (Standard)	Alkaloids Structural Classification Microorganisms Pyrrole Alkaloids Source Classification	Reference Standards DNA/RNA Synthesis Antibiotic Bacterial
Lincomycin (U-10149) (Standard) is the analytical reference standard of Lincomycin (HY-117660). This product is used for research and analytical applications. Lincomycin is an orally active lincosamide antibiotic. Lincomycin binds to the ribosomes of Gram-positive bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Lincomycin can inhibit chloroplast translation, disrupt chloroplast integrity, and activate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Lincomycin induces alterations in lipid profiles and liver injury, disrupts blood glucose and insulin levels, and increases growth rate in mice.

HY-B1358R

Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate (Standard) U-10149 hydrochloride monohydrate (Standard)	Structural Classification Microorganisms Antibiotics Mammalian Cell Culture Antibacterial Disease Research Other Antibiotics Plant agriculture research Source Classification	Reference Standards DNA/RNA Synthesis Antibiotic Bacterial
Lincomycin (U-10149) hydrochloride monohydrate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate (HY-B1358). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate is an orally active lincosamide antibiotic. Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate binds to the ribosomes of Gram-positive bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate can inhibit chloroplast translation, disrupt chloroplast integrity, and activate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate induces alterations in lipid profiles and liver injury, disrupts blood glucose and insulin levels, and increases growth rate in mice.

HY-N3055

Pinusolide	Cupressaceae Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Diterpenoids Plants Disease Research Fields Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Source Classification Cancer	Apoptosis AMPK Platelet-activating Factor Receptor (PAFR) Caspase
Pinusolide is an AMPK activator and PAF receptor antagonist. Pinusolide activates AMPK, phosphorylates ACC, enhances IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, boosts glucose uptake, and modulates **insulin signaling. Pinusolide inhibits caspase-3/7 activation, intracellular calcium elevation, reactive oxygen species overproduction, lipid peroxidation, and tumor cell proliferation. Pinusolide stabilizes superoxide dismutase activity, reduces apoptotic hallmarks, induces mitochondrial pathway apoptosis**, and triggers DNA fragmentation. Pinusolide can be used for the research of type 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and Burkitt lymphoma .

HY-N2593R

Isorhapontigenin (Standard)	Structural Classification Stilbenes Gnetum cleistostachyum C. Y. Cheng Phenols Polyphenols Gnetaceae Plants Source Classification	Reference Standards Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Autophagy Apoptosis NF-κB PI3K Akt MMP Keap1-Nrf2
Isorhapontigenin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isorhapontigenin (HY-N2593). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isorhapontigenin is an orally active dietary polyphenol. Isorhapontigenin acts as a potent antioxidant that reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Isorhapontigenin promotes the binding of JUN to the AP-1 site on the SESN2 promoter, induces SESN2 transcription, triggers MAPK8-dependent JUN activation, and upregulates the expression of PPAR-α, PGC-1α and CPT-1A to facilitate fatty acid oxidation. Isorhapontigenin induces autophagy, apoptosis and preadipocyte differentiation; it inhibits tumor growth, cell invasion, NF-κB transcriptional activity, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, STAT1 phosphorylation and MMP-2 expression. Isorhapontigenin alleviates oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine release and triglyceride accumulation; it increases intracellular ATP levels and promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Isorhapontigenin improves insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and glucose tolerance, and reduces postprandial blood glucose, insulin and free fatty acid levels. Isorhapontigenin is applicable to research on bladder cancer, liver injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury and type 2 diabetes.

HY-143712R

Allolithocholic acid (Standard)	Structural Classification Endogenous metabolite Steroids Source Classification	Reference Standards Drug Metabolite G protein-coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 ROR
Allolithocholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Allolithocholic acid (HY-143712). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Allolithocholic acid is an orally active metabolite of Lithocholic acid (HY-B0172). Allolithocholic acid is a dual GPBAR1 agonist (EC₅₀ = 2.7 μM) and RORγt inverse agonist (IC₅₀ = 3.4 μM). Allolithocholic acid modulates immune and metabolic pathways, regulates immune cell polarization, prevents M1 macrophage and Th17 CD4 cell polarization. Allolithocholic acid improves insulin sensitivity, reduces liver lipid accumulation, reverses liver immunological, inflammatory and metabolic signaling dysregulation, restores bile acid homeostasis, adipose tissue histopathology/function, and intestinal microbiota composition, modulates intestinal immunity. Allolithocholic acid can be used for the researches of cancer, inflammayion, immunology and metabolic disease .

HY-N2515R

Ginsenoside Rk1 (Standard)	Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Triterpenes Structural Classification Terpenoids Plants Araliaceae Source Classification	Reference Standards NF-κB PI3K JAK Apoptosis
Ginsenoside Rk1 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside Rk1. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside Rk1 is a unique component created by processing the ginseng plant (mainly Sung Ginseng, SG) at high temperatures . Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-inflammatory effect, suppresses the activation of Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway and NF-κB . Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-tumor effect, antiplatelet aggregation activities, anti-insulin resistance, nephroprotective effect, antimicrobial effect, cognitive function enhancement, lipid accumulation reduction and prevents osteoporosis . Ginsenoside Rk1 induces cell apoptosis by triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and blocking PI3K/Akt pathway .

HY-N19818

Glycybridin C	Structural Classification Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Leguminosae Phenols Polyphenols Plants Source Classification	Phosphatase NF-κB Pregnane X Receptor (PXR)
Glycybridin C is a Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor and pregnane X receptor (PXR) ligand. Glycybridin C inhibits insulin and leptin signaling pathway negative regulation, LPS (HY-D1056)-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity. Glycybridin C forms hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions with Met243, Phe288, Tyr306, and His407 residues of PXR. Glycybridin C can be used for the research of hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, breast carcinoma .

HY-N16588A

trans-Emodin-physcion bianthrone	Structural Classification Xanthones Polygonaceae Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Phenols Plants Source Classification	Phosphatase
trans-Emodin-physcion bianthrone is a protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 2.77 μM. trans-Emodin-physcion bianthrone is applicable to research related to insulin resistance .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-110228

Metformin-d6 hydrochloride

Metformin-d₆ hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

HY-112537S1

D-Glucose 6-Phosphate-13C6 (disodium xhydrate)

D-Glucose 6-Phosphate- ¹³C₆ disodium xhydrate is a ¹³C-labeled D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium xhydrate. D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium xhydrate is a key central node metabolite in sugar metabolism, serving as the initial metabolite of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, and also a substrate for glycogen synthesis. D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium xhydrate can act as a metabolic stress signal, especially when phosphoglucomutase (PGI) is inhibited, activating the mTOR pathway, promoting protein synthesis, and thereby participating in the remodeling process of the heart. D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium xhydrate can be used in research related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes and heart failure.

HY-B0627S

Metformin-d6

Metformin-d₆ (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide-d₆) is a deuterated labeled Metformin (HY-B0627). Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

HY-112537S2

D-Glucose 6-phosphate-13C

D-Glucose 6-phosphate- ¹³C is ¹³C labeled D-Glucose 6-phosphate (HY-112537). D-Glucose 6-phosphate is a key central node metabolite in glucose metabolism. It serves as the initiating metabolite for glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as a substrate for glycogen synthesis. D-Glucose 6-phosphate acts as a metabolic stress signal, which activates the mTOR pathway to promote protein synthesis, especially when phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is inhibited, thereby participating in cardiac remodeling processes. D-Glucose 6-phosphate can be used in research related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and heart failure.

HY-W012722BS

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid-d7 sodium

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid-d₇ (α-Ketoisocaproic acid-d₇) sodium is the deuterium labeled 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (HY-W012722).4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid is a metabolite of L-leucine and is involved in energy metabolism. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid increases endoplasmic reticulum stress, promotes lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and insulin resistance by impairing mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways .

HY-B0627S1

Metformin-13C2 hydrochloride

Metformin- ¹³C₂ (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide- ¹³C₂) hydrochloride is the ¹³C-labeled Metformin hydrochloride (HY-17471A). Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

HY-143712S1

Allolithocholic Acid-d4

Allolithocholic Acid-d₄ (3α-hydoxy-5α-Cholaoic Acid-d₄, allo-LCA-d₄) is deuterium labeled Allolithocholic acid (HY-143712). Allolithocholic acid is an orally active metabolite of Lithocholic acid (HY-B0172). Allolithocholic acid is a dual GPBAR1 agonist (EC₅₀ = 2.7 μM) and RORγt inverse agonist (IC₅₀ = 3.4 μM). Allolithocholic acid modulates immune and metabolic pathways, regulates immune cell polarization, prevents M1 macrophage and Th17 CD4 cell polarization. Allolithocholic acid improves insulin sensitivity, reduces liver lipid accumulation, reverses liver immunological, inflammatory and metabolic signaling dysregulation, restores bile acid homeostasis, adipose tissue histopathology/function, and intestinal microbiota composition, modulates intestinal immunity. Allolithocholic acid can be used for the researches of cancer, inflammayion, immunology and metabolic disease .

HY-117660S

Lincomycin-d3

Lincomycin-d₃ (U-10149-d₃) is the deuterium labeled Lincomycin. Lincomycin is an orally active lincosamide antibiotic. Lincomycin binds to the ribosomes of Gram-positive bacteria to inhibit protein synthesis. Lincomycin can inhibit chloroplast translation, disrupt chloroplast integrity, and activate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Lincomycin induces alterations in lipid profiles and liver injury, disrupts blood glucose and insulin levels, and increases growth rate in mice.

Cat. No.	Product Name		Classification

HY-115643

AZ13581837		Alkynes
AZ13581837 is an orally active GPR120 agonist with an EC₅₀ of 5.2 nM for human GPR120. AZ13581837 signals through Gαq, Gαs, and β-arrestin pathways, reduces cAMP production, stimulates GLP-1 secretion, induces glucose lowering, and increases insulin secretion. AZ13581837 can be used for the research of type 2 diabetes .

Cat. No.	Product Name		Classification

HY-N0322

Cholesterol (from animal) 80+ Cited Publications		Cholesterol Emulsifiers
Cholesterol (from animal) is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol (from animal) plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins . Cholesterol (from animal) is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist .

HY-174645

Human IL10RA mRNA		mRNA Interleukin & Receptors
Human IL10RA mRNA encodes the human interleukin 10 receptor subunit alpha (IL10RA) protein, a receptor for interleukin 10. IL10RA been shown to mediate the immunosuppressive signal of interleukin 10, and thus inhibits the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. It is also reported to promote survival of progenitor myeloid cells through the insulin receptor substrate-2/PI 3-kinase/AKT pathway.

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