Inflammation/Immunology

D-GsMTx4 TFA is a spider peptide and the D enantiomer of GsMTx4 (HY-P1410). D-GsMTx4 TFA inhibits the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo2. D-GsMTx4 TFA inhibits [Ca²⁺]_i elevation. D-GsMTx4 TFA inhibits mTOR and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. D-GsMTx4 TFA inhibits mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. D-GsMTx4 TFA can be used in researches of mechanical stress, chronic pain and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Antalarmin (hydrochloride) is an oral active non-peptide corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) antagonist with a K_i of 1 nM. Antalarmin hydrochloride suppresses CRH-induced ACTH secretion and blocks CRH and novelty induced anxiety-like behavior in animal models. Antalarmin hydrochloride produces anti-inflammatory effects in arthritis models, and suppresses stress-induced gastric ulceration related to irritable bowel syndrome.

PAMP-12 (unmodified) is an endogenous peptide and is a MrgX2 agonist. PAMP-12 (unmodified) can reduce cAMP accumulation, increase Ca²⁺ levels, enhance beta-arrestin recruitment, decrease IP-1, and increases phosphoERK. PAMP-12 (unmodified) can elicit hypotension through inhibiting catecholamine secretion from sympathetic nerve endings and adrenal chromaffin cells. PAMP-12 (unmodified) can be used for the research of hypotension and ulcerative colitis.

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA sulfate; Prasterone sulfate) sodium salt is a neurosteroid and the main secretion product of the adrenal gland. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate sodium salt has both non-competitive antagonist activity of GABA_A receptor and agonist activity of σ₁ receptor. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate sodium salt can partially penetrate the blood-brain barrier, inhibit GABA_A receptor-mediated chloride influx, enhance NMDA receptor activity through σ₁ receptors, exert anti-inflammatory, anti-glucocorticoid and antidepressant effects, and increase convulsive sensitivity. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate sodium salt participates in neuroprotection, neurite growth regulation and catecholamine secretion regulation, and can be used in the study of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Alzheimer's disease, etc. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate sodium salt may also be a biomarker for cardiovascular disease mortality, and its concentration is independently and negatively correlated with mortality.

VIPhyb is a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) receptor antagonist. VIPhyb can inhibit VIP signaling, increase T-cell immunity and downregulate PD1. VIPhyb can inhibit cancer cell proliferation. VIPhyb can reduce inflammatory cytokine expression. VIPhyb can enhance viral clearance. VIPhyb can be used for the researches of cancer, infection and inflammation and immunology, such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), cytomegalovirus infection and colitis.

Cotinine ((-)-Cotinine) is an orally active alkaloid found in tobacco and is the primary metabolite of nicotine. Cotinine is metabolized by CYP2A13 into trans-3'-hydroxycotinine. Cotinine is used as a biomarker to measure exposure to tobacco smoke components. Cotinine has vasodepressor activity. The mixture of cotinine and nicotine (Nicotine) has antiproliferative activity against pterygium. (S)-(-)-Cotinine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in a calcium-dependent manner, leading to the release of dopamine (Dopamine, HY-B0451). Cotinine ((-)-Cotinine) is used in research related to cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.

Daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin), one coumarin derivative can be found in plants of the Genus Daphne, is a potent, oral active protein kinase inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 7.67 μM, 9.33 μM and 25.01 μM for EGFR, PKA and PKC in vitro, respectively. Daphnetin triggers ROS-induced cell apoptosis and induces cytoprotective autophagy by modulating the AMPK/Akt/mTOR pathway. Daphnetin has anti-inflammation activitity and inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, and MDA production. Daphnetin has schizontocidal activity against malaria parasites. Daphnetin can be used for rheumatoid arthritis , cancer and anti-malarian research.

Genkwanin is a major non-glycosylated flavonoid with anti-flammatory activities.

Dihydrocaffeic acid is a microbial metabolite of flavonoids. Dihydrocaffeic acid scavenges intracellular ROS and increases nitric oxide synthase activity. Dihydrocaffeic acid reduces phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and prevent UVB-induced skin damage. Dihydrocaffeic acid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cartilage degradation activities.

PMX 205 is a potent complement C5a receptor (C5aR; CD88) antagonist.

L-Alanyl-L-glutamine, a glutamine dipeptide, is benefit for the antioxidant system, attenuating inflammation, and may modulate the heat shock protein (HSP) response in catabolic situations.

Sodium sulfite is an inorganic salt used as an antioxidant and preservative. Sodium sulfite is also used in sulfonation and sulfomethylation reactions. Sodium sulfite can also be used as a bleaching agent, desulfurizer, and dechlorinator. Sodium sulfite inhibits hepatocyte proliferation, promotes hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis, and impairs mitochondrial integrity. Sodium sulfite induces superoxide anion production, primes neutrophils for enhanced superoxide anion generation, and induces neutrophil gene expression. Sodium sulfite can be used in studies related to pulmonary inflammation and gastric tissue injury.

3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is an orally active flavonoid metabolite produced by intestinal flora, with blood pressure-lowering activity. 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can also inhibit ferroptosis by upregulating the expression of GPX4, thereby improving spermatogenic dysfunction in aged mice. In addition, abnormal levels of 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid are closely related to certain diseases, such as autism spectrum disorders.

Oxalic acid, 99% (Ethanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid found in a wide variety of plants. Oxalic acid, 99% shows antioxidant acyivity and suppresses lipid peroxidation. Oxalic acid, 99% is a pathogenicity factor for sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and suppresses the oxidative burst of the host plant. Oxalic acid, 99% exerts acaricidal activity. Oxalic acid can be used for the researches of sclerotinia disease, varroatosis and inflammatory diseases.

Carmine (Carmine red), a natural red dye extracted from the dried females of the insect Dactylopius coccus var. Costa (cochineal). Carmine is a widely used food additive. Carmine provokes both an immediate hypersensitivity and a delayed systemic response with cutaneous expression.

Acetyl-6-formylpterin (Ac-6-FP) is a hapten that covalently binds to MR1 through residue Lys43 of the protein, resulting in protein upregulation. Acetyl-6-formylpterin (Ac-6-FP) can be used in the study of inflammation.

VX-702 is a highly selective inhibitor of p38α MAPK, 14-fold higher potency against the p38α versus p38β.

Prodigiosin (Prodigiosine) is a red pigment produced by bacteria as a bioactive secondary metabolite. Prodigiosin is a potent inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Prodigiosin has antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, immunosuppressive, and anticancer properties.

PF-06260933 is an orally active and highly selective inhibitor of MAP4K4 with IC₅₀s of 3.7 and 160 nM for kinase and cell, respectively.

PH-797804 is a ATP-competitive, selective p38α/p38β inhibitor (IC₅₀=26 nM and K_i=5.8 nM for p38α; K_i=40 nM for p38β) and does not inhibit JNK2.