2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0116R
    Stavudine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Stavudine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Stavudine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Stavudine (d4T) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Stavudine has activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Stavudine also inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Stavudine reduces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulates Amyloid-β autophagy. Stavudine induces apoptosis.
    Stavudine (Standard)
  • HY-N0538R
    Xylitol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Xylitol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Xylitol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols.
    Xylitol (Standard)
  • HY-14658B
    (R)-Thalidomide
    		Inducer 99.80%
    (R)-Thalidomide ((R)-(+)-Thalidomide) is the R-enantiomer of Thalidomide. (R)-Thalidomide has psychomotor stabilizing properties.
    (R)-Thalidomide
  • HY-148230
    TFEB Decoy ODN sodium
    		Inhibitor
    TFEB Decoy ODN sodium is a synthetic oligonucleotide with a hairpin ring structure, which were designed to inhibit Transcription factor EB (TFEB). TFEB decoy ODN inhibited fibrosis and autophagy in a UUO mouse model. The TFEB decoy ODNs also showed anti-inflammatory effects.
    TFEB Decoy ODN sodium
  • HY-A0089R
    Colistin sulfate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Colistin (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Colistin (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Colistin sulfate is a polypeptide antibiotic which inhibits gram-negative bacteria by binding to lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
    Colistin sulfate (Standard)
  • HY-15337R
    Hesperidin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Hesperidin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hesperidin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hesperidin (Hesperetin 7-rutinoside), a flavanone glycoside, is isolated from citrus fruits. Hesperidin has numerous biological properties, such as decreasing inflammatory mediators and exerting significant antioxidant effects. Hesperidin also exhibits antitumor and antiallergic activities.
    Hesperidin (Standard)
  • HY-17389R
    Genipin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Genipin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Genipin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Genipin ((+)-Genipin) is a natural crosslinking reagent derived from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits. Genipin inhibits UCP2 (uncoupling protein 2) in cells. Genipin has a variety of bioactivities, including modulation on proteins, antitumor, anti-inflammation, immunosuppression, antithrombosis, and protection of hippocampal neurons. Genipin also can be used for type 2 diabetes research.
    Genipin (Standard)
  • HY-158985A
    Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.04%
    Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 (HY-158985). Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 hydrochloride is a conjugate of a PEG Linker and a pyrazole-linked FBnG tag for ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) induction. Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 hydrochloride can be used to synthesize autophagy-targeting chimeras (AUTACs).
    Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 hydrochloride
  • HY-W129233
    Dihydroartemisinin (mixture of α and β isomers)
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Dihydroartemisinin (mixture of α and β isomers) is an anti-malaria and anticancer agent, as well as an active metabolite of artemisinin and its derivatives. Dihydroartemisinin exerts anticancer effects through various molecular mechanisms, such as inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, promoting immune function, inducing autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
    Dihydroartemisinin (mixture of α and β isomers)
  • HY-15463R
    Imatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Imatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Imatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Imatinib (STI571) is an orally bioavailable tyrosine kinases inhibitor that selectively inhibits BCR/ABL, v-Abl, PDGFR and c-kit kinase activity. Imatinib (STI571) works by binding close to the ATP binding site, locking it in a closed or self-inhibited conformation, therefore inhibiting the enzyme activity of the protein semicompetitively. Imatinib also is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
    Imatinib (Standard)
  • HY-N0733R
    Glucosamine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Glucosamine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glucosamine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine hydrochloride also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes.
    Glucosamine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N0828R
    Pterostilbene (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pterostilbene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pterostilbene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid isolated from blueberries and Pterocarpus marsupium. Shows anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. Pterostilbene blocks ROS production, also exhibits inhibitory activity against various free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.
    Pterostilbene (Standard)
  • HY-10969A
    Obatoclax
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Obatoclax (GX15-070), a BH3 mimetic, is a pan-BCL-2 family proteins inhibitor with a Ki of 220 nM for BCL-2. Obatoclax induces autophagy-dependent cell death and targets cyclin D1 for proteasomal degradation. Obatoclax has anti-cancer and broad-spectrum antiparasitic activity.
    Obatoclax
  • HY-B1159S
    Nitroxoline-d4
    		Inducer
    Nitroxoline-d4 is the deuterium labeled Nitroxoline. Nitroxoline is an antibiotic that has proven to be very effective at combating biofilm infections. Nitroxoline functions by chelating Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions from the biofilm matrix.
    Nitroxoline-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-112618A
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C6-NH2 TFA
    		Inducer 99.82%
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C6-NH2 TFA (Cereblon Ligand-Linker Conjugates 11 TFA), a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker, can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C6-NH2 TFA
  • HY-130948B
    Thalidomide-4-O-C4-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.35%
    Thalidomide-4-O-C4-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide (HY-14658) based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-4-O-C4-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-16569S
    Colchicine-d6
    		Inducer 99.41%
    Colchicine-d6 is the deuterium labeled Colchicine. Colchicine is a tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC50 of 3 nM. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs).
    Colchicine-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-17514S1
    Itraconazole-d3
    		99.62%
    Itraconazole-d3 (R51211-d3) is the deuterium labeled Itraconazole (HY-17514). Itraconazole (R51211) is a triazole antifungal agent and a potent and orally active Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway antagonist with an IC50 of ~800 nM. Itraconazole potently inhibits lanosterol 14α-demethylase (cytochrome P450 enzyme), thereby inhibits the oxidative conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. Itraconazole has anticancer and antiangiogenic effects. Itraconazole is a oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) inhibitor.
    Itraconazole-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-114423
    p38α inhibitor 1
    		98.91%
    p38α inhibitor 1 is a p38α inhibitor extracted from patent WO 2008076265 A1.
    p38α inhibitor 1
  • HY-126458
    Thalidomide-O-PEG2-propargyl
    		Inducer 98.26%
    Thalidomide-O-PEG2-propargyl (E3 ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugates 32) is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate. Thalidomide-O-PEG2-propargyl is also a click chemistry reagent containing an alkyne group, which can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with molecules bearing an azide group.
    Thalidomide-O-PEG2-propargyl
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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