Cat. No.: HY-Y0781

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Pyruvic acid

(Synonyms: Acetylformic acid)

17 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 17 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.21%
CAS No.: 127-17-3
Formula: C₃H₄O₃
Molecular Weight:88.06

Storage:

4°C, stored under nitrogen

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen)

Pyruvic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 127-17-3

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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (17)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

IC₅₀ & Target

Microbial Metabolite

Human Endogenous Metabolite

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

In Vitro

Pyruvic acid (0.1-1 mM, 24 h) inhibits mitochondrial damage, exhibits antioxidant and protective effects against Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ or H₂O₂ induced neurotoxicity in GT1-7 and N-2A cells^[2]^[3].
Pyruvic acid (1-5 mM, 48 h) promotes the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclasts^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay^[2]

Cell Line:

N-2A cell
Concentration:

0.1-1 mM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Maintained cell viability.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 127-17-3
Appearance <11°C Solid,>12°C Liquid
Molecular Weight 88.06
Formula C₃H₄O₃
Color Colorless to light yellow
SMILES

CC(C(O)=O)=O
Synonyms

Acetylformic acid
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
- Microorganisms
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, stored under nitrogen

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen)

Publications (17)

All Cell Proliferation/Viability AssayWBCell Imaging/Staining

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Journal Impact Factor

Cancer Commun (Lond)

Simvastatin overcomes the pPCK1-pLDHA-SPRINGlac axis-mediated ferroptosis and chemo-immunotherapy resistance in AKT-hyperactivated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 May 29. PMID: 40443016

Pyruvic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cancer Commun (Lond). 2025 May 29. [Abstract]

Measurements of lipid peroxidation and cell death in HuCCT‐1‐WT or PCK1S90A HuCCT‐1 after 36 h of indicated treatments (10 mmol/L glucose; 10 mmol/L Pyruvic acid sodium; 10 mmol/L Nala), followed by exposure to 10 µmol/L RSL3 for an additional 36 h.
Bioact Mater

cGAMP-targeting injectable hydrogel system promotes periodontal restoration by alleviating cGAS-STING pathway activation. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 13:48:55-70. PMID: 40303968
Cancer Res

The Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor Darlifarnib (KO-2806) Resensitizes Relapsing Tumors to RAS Inhibition. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 9. PMID: 41661652
ACS Nano

Enzyme-Dynamic Extracellular Vesicles for Metalloimmunotherapy of Malignant Pleural Effusions. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 20;18(33):21855-21872. PMID: 39109520
Redox Biol

Enteric coronavirus PDCoV evokes a non-Warburg effect by hijacking pyruvic acid as a metabolic hub. [Abstract]

2024 May:71:103112. PMID: 38461791
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Lactylated Apolipoprotein C-II Induces Immunotherapy Resistance by Promoting Extracellular Lipolysis. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 9:e2406333. PMID: 38981044
Cell Death Dis

Melatonin inhibits bladder tumorigenesis by suppressing PPARγ/ENO1-mediated glycolysis. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 6;14(4):246. PMID: 37024456
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Few-shot learning-driven discovery of Lutein suppresses Th1-mediated inflammation via glucose metabolism. [Abstract]

2026 May 18. PMID: 42144445
Cell Prolif

Intercellular mitochondrial transfer alleviates pyroptosis in dental pulp damage. [Abstract]

2023 Sep;56(9):e13442. PMID: 37086012
J Agric Food Chem

Zearalenone Regulates Energy Metabolism and Proliferation of Goat Endometrial Epithelial Cells through Estrogen Receptor 1. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 13;73(32):20385-20395. PMID: 40762316

Pyruvic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Agric Food Chem. 2025 Aug 13;73(32):20385-20395. [Abstract]

EDU analysis to assess the proliferation ability of goat EECs under Pyruvic acid sodium (PA: 100 μg/mL) with or without OMA1 plasmid.

Pyruvic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Agric Food Chem. 2025 Aug 13;73(32):20385-20395. [Abstract]

Effect of OMA1 overexpression on cell proliferation and mitochondrial structure and function in goat endometrial epithelial cells under Pyruvic acid sodium (100 μg/mL; 48 h) treatment. Western blot analysis of the expression levels of OPA1, MFN1, and MFN2.
J Hypertens

Asprosin contributes to vascular remodeling in hypertensive rats via superoxide signaling. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 23. PMID: 38690935
Int Immunopharmacol

Ergolide covalently binds NLRP3 and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 Jul:120:110292. PMID: 37182452
Toxicology

Statin induces epithelial cell death and tissue barrier damage in renal tubule on chip. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 13:519:154309. PMID: 41093097

Pyruvic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Toxicology. 2025 Oct 13:519:154309. [Abstract]

Renal tubular epithelial cells were treated with DMSO, 3 mM Pyruvic acid sodium, and 25 μM lovastatin (with or without 3 mM Pyruvic acid sodium) for 48 hours. ROS generation of the microarray epithelial cells was assessed by DCFH-DA staining.

Pyruvic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Toxicology. 2025 Oct 13:519:154309. [Abstract]

Renal tubular epithelial cells were treated with DMSO, 3 mM Pyruvic acid sodium, and 25 μM lovastatin (with or without 3 mM Pyruvic acid sodium) for 48 hours. Damage to renal tubular epithelial cells on the chip was measured using the LDH assay.
J Virol

PKM2 induces mitophagy through the AMPK-mTOR pathway promoting CSFV proliferation. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 19;98(3):e0175123. PMID: 38319105
Bone

Sympathetic overactivity-induced type H endothelial cell senescence contributes to the impairment of vascularized osteogenesis by PKM2-mediated glycolysis in preclinical stages of Alzheimer's mice. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:207:117859. PMID: 41833832
Cell Biochem Biophys

TREM2 Impairs Glycolysis to Interrupt Microglial M1 Polarization and Inflammation via JAK2/STAT3 Axis. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;83(1):879-891. PMID: 39240442
bioRxiv

2025 Aug 22.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (1135.59 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : 100 mg/mL (1135.59 mM; Need ultrasonic)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

11.3559 mL

56.7795 mL

113.5589 mL

5 mM

2.2712 mL

11.3559 mL

22.7118 mL

10 mM

1.1356 mL

5.6779 mL

11.3559 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (28.39 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (28.39 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (28.39 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact

MedChemExpress (MCE) .

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (275 KB)
SDS (477 KB)
- English - EN (477 KB)
- Français - FR (477 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (477 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (477 KB)
- Español - ES (477 KB)
- Swedish - SV (477 KB)
- Italian - IT (477 KB)
- Korean - KR (477 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (477 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Kładna A, et al. Reactivity of pyruvic acid and its derivatives towards reactive oxygen species. Luminescence. 2015 Nov;30(7):1153-8. [Content Brief]

[2]. Liu G, et al. Role of pyruvic acid in osteoclast differentiation[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2023, 27(31): 5015.

[3]. Tanaka KI, et al., Pyruvic acid prevents Cu2+/Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity by suppressing mitochondrial injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018 Jan 1;495(1):1335-1341. [Content Brief]

[4]. Mazzio EA, et al., Cytoprotection of pyruvic acid and reduced beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide against hydrogen peroxide toxicity in neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem Res. 2003 May;28(5):733-41. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO / H₂O	1 mM	11.3559 mL	56.7795 mL	113.5589 mL	283.8974 mL
	5 mM	2.2712 mL	11.3559 mL	22.7118 mL	56.7795 mL
	10 mM	1.1356 mL	5.6779 mL	11.3559 mL	28.3897 mL
	15 mM	0.7571 mL	3.7853 mL	7.5706 mL	18.9265 mL
	20 mM	0.5678 mL	2.8390 mL	5.6779 mL	14.1949 mL
	25 mM	0.4542 mL	2.2712 mL	4.5424 mL	11.3559 mL
	30 mM	0.3785 mL	1.8926 mL	3.7853 mL	9.4632 mL
	40 mM	0.2839 mL	1.4195 mL	2.8390 mL	7.0974 mL
	50 mM	0.2271 mL	1.1356 mL	2.2712 mL	5.6779 mL
	60 mM	0.1893 mL	0.9463 mL	1.8926 mL	4.7316 mL
	80 mM	0.1419 mL	0.7097 mL	1.4195 mL	3.5487 mL
	100 mM	0.1136 mL	0.5678 mL	1.1356 mL	2.8390 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Keywords

Pyruvic acid

17 Cited Publications

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Pyruvic acid

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Pyruvic acid

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (17)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Pyruvic acid Related Classifications

HY-Y0781 Related Classifications