Nucleic Acid Dyes

YO-PRO-1 is a non-cell-membrane-penetrating green fluorescent dye. YO-PRO-1 cannot penetrate normal cell membranes but can penetrate the membranes of apoptotic and necrotic cells. YO-PRO-1 has a high affinity for DNA. When it is not bound to DNA, it emits almost no fluorescence, and when it binds to DNA, it can emit green fluorescence (Ex/Em: 488/530±30 nM). YO-PRO-1 is often used together with Propidium Iodide (HY-D0815) to analyze and identify apoptotic and necrotic cells.

SYTM Green is a cell impermeant DNA dye that fluoresces green by binding to dsDNA (Ex/Em=503/530 nm). SYTM Green can also be used to stain bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Note: SYTM Green cannot penetrate living cells, and this product is equivalent to (Ex/Em=488/530 nm).

Methyl Green is a non-intercalating fluorescent labeling agent that selectively binds to the major groove of DNA. Methyl Green electrostatically interacts with the major groove of DNA through positively charged groups, exhibiting key activities such as high affinity, resistance to photobleaching, and stable fluorescence emission. Methyl Green can be directly measured by microscopy and flow cytometry, with peaks at 633 and 677 nm. Methyl Green can be used for fluorescent labeling of the nuclei of embryonic tissues or cells, or DNA staining and cell activity detection in gel electrophoresis[1][2][3].

3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate is a multifunctional acridine compound. 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate is an acridine dye and also a DNA inserter. 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate is a potent broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Its mechanism is to insert into bacterial DNA, interfering with replication and transcription, leading to bacterial lysis. 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate is a K_ir3.2 potassium channel blocker and can be used to study the neurological phenotype of Down syndrome. 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate can penetrate the stratum corneum of the skin and accumulate in the cell nucleus. Long-term exposure may induce skin cancer or other malignant tumors.

Dabsyl chloride is an amine derivatizing agent, able to give rise to stable products that can be easily monitored spectrophotometrically at 460 nm; Dabsyl chloride also used for labeling amino acids.

DFAME is a red fluorophore (Ex = 508 nm, Em = 641 nm). DFAME binds to Beetroot and Corn (dimeric fluorescent RNA aptamers) to form Beetroot-DFAME (K_d = 460 nM) and Corn-DFAME (K_d = 3600 nM). Beetroot-DFAME and Corn-DFAME can be used to form RNA assemblies in living cells. Creating RNA assemblies can be used for the study of RNA Nanostructures. DNA/RNA Nanostructures would be useful in cell and gene therapy (CGT) research.

6-ROX is a selective fluorescent probe and potential inhibitor of COX-2. 6-ROX binds to the active site of COX-2 and inhibits its conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. 6-ROX is often used in the field of optical imaging related to tumors and inflammation, and helps detect diseased tissues with high expression of COX-2.

6-HEX is one kind of light base group, the wave length is 532 nm, the wave length is 556 nm. 6-HEX can be used to record nucleic acid sequences and design optical materials. 6-HEX can be used to record nucleic acids at 543 nm radiation, and at 550 nm and 650 nm radiation (5 nm radiation), it can be used to directly locate the base of the cell group.

Lds-751 is a nucleic acid stain that mainly detects DNA. Lds-751 is a nucleic acid stain that mainly detects DNA. Lds-751 has a high affinity for DNA and fluorescence is enhanced after binding, but the maximum emission wavelength is 670nm. Lds-751 and Thiazole orange can be used for the differentiation of red blood cells, platelets, reticulocytes, and nucleated cells and can be stimulated at 488nm. Studies have shown that LDS-751 binds almost exclusively to mitochondria when incubated with nucleated living cells. After nucleated Acridine Orange (HY-101879) staining and LDS-751 treatment of cells, confocal microscopy revealed almost no co-location of the cells. Staining with Rhodamine 123 (HY-D0816), a dye known to bind polarized mitochondria, was almost identical to the pattern observed with LDS-751.

Ethidium homodimer (EthD-1) is a high-affinity fluorescent nucleic acid dye commonly used to stain mammals, bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Ethidium homodimer binds to DNA or RNA, enhancing fluorescence more than 30 times. The Ethidium homodimer has a strong positive charge, so it cannot cross cell membranes and stain living cells; But the Ethidium homodimer can cross the disordered region of the dead cell membrane to reach the nucleus and embed the DNA double strand to produce red fluorescence. Therefore, Ethidium homodimer is a relatively sensitive nucleic acid stain that can accurately detect nucleic acids in solution or in decomposing cells. Ethidium homodimer binds DNA, Ex/Em=528/617 nm.

Eosin B (Acid Red 91) is a multifunctional dye. Dyes are important tools in biological experiments. They can help researchers observe and analyze cell structures, track biomolecules, evaluate cell functions, distinguish cell types, detect biomolecules, study tissue pathology and monitor microorganisms. Their applications range from basic scientific research to clinical A wide range of diagnostics. Dyes are also widely used in traditional fields such as textile dyeing, as well as in emerging fields such as functional textile processing, food pigments and dye-sensitized solar cells.

NIR-Red Dead Cell-1 Dye is a DNA-binding fluorescent dye for non-living cells (Ex/Em=515 nm/531 nm). NIR-Red Dead Cell-1 Dye can intercalate into base pairs of double-stranded DNA and produce stronger fluorescence. NIR-Red Dead Cell-1 Dye is suitable for necrotic cells or late apoptotic cells with damaged cell membranes, showing green fluorescence under fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. NIR-Red Dead Cell-1 Dye can be used to distinguish live cells from dead cells and distinguish cell membrane integrity. NIR-Red Dead Cell-1 Dye can be attached to the surface of Feraheme (FH) nanoparticles (NPs) to obtain fluorescent dye-functionalized NPs for drug delivery studies.

BHQ-2 NHS is a fluorescence dark quencher with an absorption spectrum spanning 550-650 nm that overlaps with tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) emission. BHQ-2 NHS quenches TMR fluorescence when conjugated to mesoporous silica nanoparticles. BHQ-2 NHS can be used for the research of cancer.

BHQ-1 NHS is a quencher and fluorescent dye. BHQ-1 NHS enables direct labeling via fluorescently labeled nucleotides.

Biotin-16-UTP tetrasodium is an active substrate for RNA polymerase. Biotin-16-UTP tetrasodium can replace UTP in the in vitro transcription reaction for RNA labeling.

Propidium monoazide is a cell-impermeant photoreactive DNA-binding dye that preferentially binds to dsDNA. Propidium monoazide (PMA) prevents DNA from dead bacteria from being amplified during the PCR. PMA-PCR enhanced both the specificity and the sensitivity of PCR. Propidium monoazide is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Azide group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAc) with molecules containing Alkyne groups. It can also undergo strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions with molecules containing DBCO or BCN groups.

TOTO-3 is a cyanine nucleic acid intercalating fluorescent probe that binds to both RNA and DNA (Ex=642 nm, Em=660 nm). TOTO-3 cannot enter intact cells, but can penetrate cells with permeabilized plasma membranes, staining cytoplasmic RNA and nucleoli to distinguish intact cells from damaged ones. TOTO-3 is taken up by macrophages in an ultrasound-independent manner. TOTO-3 accumulates in tumor cells via ultrasound-mediated enhancement of plasma membrane permeability. TOTO-3 supports optical imaging for real-time assessment of plasma membrane integrity, nucleic acid detection, and monitoring of ultrasound-mediated intracellular delivery processes. TOTO-3 is applicable to studies related to rectal cancer.

JOE is a xanthene fluorophore (i.e., 4′,5′-dichloro-2′,7′-dimethoxy-5 (6)-carboxyfluorescein; 2',7'-dimethoxy-4',5'-dichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein) with an absorption wavelength of approximately 525 nm and an emission wavelength of approximately 550 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield of JOE correlates with the rigidity of the linker arm and the distance to dG nucleoside. JOE is commonly used as a fluorescent label for oligonucleotides and molecular beacon probes, and also serves as the acceptor fluorophore in fluorescence energy transfer primers for DNA sequencing.

Dabcyl acid, SE is the amine-reactive form of Dabcyl acid (DABCYL) (HY-D1045), and is widely used in the preparation of fluorescent probes containing DABCYL.

DMHBO+ is a cationic chromophore that binds to the Chili aptamer with a K_d of 12 nM. The Chili-DMHBO+ complex is an ideal fluorescence donor for FRET to the rhodamine dye Atto 590, suitable for imaging RNA in cells. Ex/Em=456/592 nm.