Guluronic acid
Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Guluronic acid (G2013) is an orally active oxidative stress regulator and anti-inflammatory agent that exerts pharmacological effects by down-regulating various pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress-related genes (such as TLR4, NF-κB, iNOS, etc.) and inhibiting the activities of COX-2, MMPs and VEGF. Low-dose Guluronic acid up-regulates the expression of immunoregulatory genes SHIP1 and SOCS1, thereby effectively inhibiting cancer-related inflammation, tumor angiogenesis, cell adhesion and metastasis, while reducing the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells. Guluronic acid significantly prolongs the survival time of tumor-bearing hosts within a concentration range without direct cytotoxicity, demonstrating favorable safety. Guluronic acid has involved in the research of multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis, breast cancer and other inflammatory diseases.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- CAS No.: 15769-56-9
- Formula: C6H10O7
- Molecular Weight:194.14
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Storage:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Guluronic acid
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Biological Activity
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MMP-9 |
MMP-2 |
COX-2 |
TLR4 |
iNOS |
Guluronic acid (G2013) (5-25 μg/well; 18 h following 4 h LPS pre-incubation) significantly suppresses LPS-induced mRNA expression of SOD2, GPX1, GST, and MPO in healthy human PBMCs; at 25 μg/well, it additionally significantly suppresses LPS-induced CAT and iNOS mRNA expression in these cells, while the 5 μg/well dose does not produce statistically significant reductions in CAT or iNOS mRNA expression[1].
Guluronic acid (5 μg/well-15 μg/well; 24 h) in untreated HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells, at 5 μg/well (24 h) significantly reduces TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB gene expression, and significantly increases SHIP1 and SOCS1 gene expression; at 15 μg/well (24 h), it significantly reduces TLR4, MyD88, and SOCS1 gene expression, with non-significant changes to SHIP1 and NF-κB[2].
Guluronic acid (200 ng/ml-125 μg/ml; 24 h) has no cytotoxic effect on HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells at concentrations below 125 μg/ml, and exhibits an IC50 of 125 μg/ml for 24 h treatment[2].
Guluronic acid (25-500 μg/ml; 48 h) dose-dependently inhibits the activity of MMP2 (22-31% reduction) and MMP9 (28-44% reduction) in 4T1 murine breast cancer cells[3].
Guluronic acid (25-500 μg/ml; 24 h co-incubation) reduces LPS-induced PG2E production by ~66% in J774 murine macrophage cells[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells
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Concentration:200 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Showed concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on cell growth, with an IC50 of 125 μg/ml after 24 h treatment.
Exhibited no cytotoxic effect at concentrations below 125 μg/ml.
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Cell Line:HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells (untreated condition)
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Concentration:5 μg/well (low dose); 15 μg/well (high dose)
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Decreased TLR4 gene expression by 65% (low dose) and 41% (high dose), compared to control.
Decreased MyD88 gene expression by 82% (low dose) and 47% (high dose), compared to control.
Increased SHIP1 gene expression by 62% (low dose) and decreased it by 27% (high dose, non-significant), compared to control. Increased SOCS1 gene expression by 72% (low dose) and decreased it by 29% (high dose), compared to control.
Decreased NF-κB gene expression by 69% (low dose) and 49% (high dose, non-significant), compared to control.
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Cell Line:J774 murine macrophage cells
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Concentration:25, 250, 500 μg/ml
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Incubation Time:24 h (co-incubated with LPS)
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Result:Reduced PGE2 levels by ~66% across all tested concentrations compared to LPS-only treated cells.
Guluronic acid (50 mg/kg; i.p.; every 2 days; day 6 to day 26 post-tumor inoculation) and Guluronic acid (50 μg/ml; in vitro 48-hour pre-treatment of 4T1 cells) inhibits cancer-related inflammation, reduces tumor growth by up to ~94.1%, eliminates metastasis in pre-treated cells, and prolongs survival in syngeneic murine breast cancer models[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Breast cancer model in BALB/c (female, 6-8 weeks old, 18-20 g, syngeneic breast cancer model induced by 5×105 4T1 cell injection into mammary fat pad)[3]
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Dosage:50 mg/kg (therapeutic group); 50 μg/ml (cell line pre-treated group)
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Administration:i.p.; every 2 days; day 6 to day 26 post-tumor inoculation (therapeutic group); in vitro 48-hour pre-treatment of 4T1 cells before tumor inoculation (cell line pre-treated group)
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Result:Reduced tumor volume by ~61.4% (therapeutic group) and ~94.1% (cell line pre-treated group) on day 30 post-inoculation compared to controls.
Exhibited metastasis incidence of 80% lung, 60% lymph node, and 20% liver (therapeutic group); showed no detectable metastasis in any organs (cell line pre-treated group).
Reduced lung metastatic area to ~5% per section (therapeutic group) and 0% (cell line pre-treated group) compared to ~15% in controls.
Lowered serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 significantly in both groups; left TNF-α levels unchanged.
Reduced white blood cell count and granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in both groups.
Reduced frequency of regulatory T cells (Treg) significantly in tumor tissue and lymph nodes (therapeutic group).
Reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) significantly in tumor tissue and spleen (therapeutic group).
Reduced tumor angiogenesis by ~59.8% (therapeutic group) and ~91.1% (cell line pre-treated group) compared to controls.
Lowered tumor tissue mRNA expression of COX-2, MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF significantly in both groups compared to controls.
Prolonged survival significantly, with 100% of mice in the cell line pre-treated group surviving up to day 90, and higher survival rate in the therapeutic group than in controls.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 15769-56-9
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 194.14
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Formula C6H10O7
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O=C[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](C(O)=O)O)O)O)O
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Synonyms
G2013
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Publications (1)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Int J Biol Macromol
Quantitative and qualitative saccharide analysis of North Atlantic brown seaweed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. [Abstract]2024 Jan;254(Pt 3):127870. PMID: 37967607
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 5 mg/mL (25.75 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (2.58 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (5.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (2.58 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (5.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL. * In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (286 KB)
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SDS (251 KB)
- English - EN (251 KB)
- Français - FR (251 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (251 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (251 KB)
- Español - ES (251 KB)
- Swedish - SV (251 KB)
- Italian - IT (251 KB)
- Korean - KR (251 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (251 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Taeb M, et al. An in vitro evaluation of anti-aging effect of guluronic acid (G2013) based on enzymatic oxidative stress gene expression using healthy individuals PBMCs. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;90:262-267. [Content Brief]
[2]. Mortazavi-Jahromi SS, et al. Effects of guluronic acid (G2013) on SHIP1, SOCS1 induction and related molecules in TLR4 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;55:323-329. [Content Brief]
[3]. Hosseini F, et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects of α-l-guluronic acid (G2013) on cancer-related inflammation in a murine breast cancer model. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;98:793-800. [Content Brief]
[4]. Nazeri S, et al. The safety and efficacy of Guluronic acid (G2013) in ankylosing spondylitis: A randomized controlled parallel clinical trial. Pharmacol Rep. 2019;71(3):393-398. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
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| DMSO | 1 mM | 5.1509 mL | 25.7546 mL | 51.5092 mL | 128.7731 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.0302 mL | 5.1509 mL | 10.3018 mL | 25.7546 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5151 mL | 2.5755 mL | 5.1509 mL | 12.8773 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3434 mL | 1.7170 mL | 3.4339 mL | 8.5849 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2575 mL | 1.2877 mL | 2.5755 mL | 6.4387 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2060 mL | 1.0302 mL | 2.0604 mL | 5.1509 mL |
Guluronic acid Related Classifications
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