2. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease Immunology/Inflammation Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK NF-κB
  3. MMP COX VEGFR Toll-like Receptor (TLR) NF-κB NO Synthase
  4. Guluronic acid

Guluronic acid (G2013) is an orally active oxidative stress regulator and anti-inflammatory agent that exerts pharmacological effects by down-regulating various pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress-related genes (such as TLR4, NF-κB, iNOS, etc.) and inhibiting the activities of COX-2, MMPs and VEGF. Low-dose Guluronic acid up-regulates the expression of immunoregulatory genes SHIP1 and SOCS1, thereby effectively inhibiting cancer-related inflammation, tumor angiogenesis, cell adhesion and metastasis, while reducing the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells. Guluronic acid significantly prolongs the survival time of tumor-bearing hosts within a concentration range without direct cytotoxicity, demonstrating favorable safety. Guluronic acid has involved in the research of multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis, breast cancer and other inflammatory diseases.

The free form of the compound is prone to instability, it is advisable to consider the stable salt form (Guluronic acid sodium) that retains the same biological activity.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Guluronic acid

Guluronic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 15769-56-9

Size Price Stock
5 mg Ask For Quote & Lead Time

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

This product is a controlled substance and not for sale in your territory.

Other In-stock Forms of Guluronic acid:

Other Forms of Guluronic acid:

Guluronic acid Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

1 Publications Citing Use of MCE Guluronic acid

View All MMP Isoform Specific Products:

View All Isoforms
MMP-1 MMP-2 MMP-3 MMP-8 MMP-9 MMP-13 MMP-14 MMP-17 ADAM10 ADAM17 MMP-7 MMP-12 MMP-10 MMP ADAM8 MMP-19

View All COX Isoform Specific Products:

View All Isoforms
COX COX-1 COX-2 COX-3

View All VEGFR Isoform Specific Products:

View All Isoforms
VEGFR1/Flt-1 VEGFR2/KDR/Flk-1 VEGFR3/Flt-4

View All Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Isoform Specific Products:

View All Isoforms
TLR3 TLR8 TLR9 TLR2 TLR4 TLR7 TLR1 TLR6

View All NF-κB Isoform Specific Products:

View All Isoforms
NF-κB NF-κB1/p50 RelA/p65 RelB c-Rel

View All NO Synthase Isoform Specific Products:

View All Isoforms
nNOS iNOS eNOS

  • Biological Activity

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

Guluronic acid (G2013) is an orally active oxidative stress regulator and anti-inflammatory agent that exerts pharmacological effects by down-regulating various pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress-related genes (such as TLR4, NF-κB, iNOS, etc.) and inhibiting the activities of COX-2, MMPs and VEGF. Low-dose Guluronic acid up-regulates the expression of immunoregulatory genes SHIP1 and SOCS1, thereby effectively inhibiting cancer-related inflammation, tumor angiogenesis, cell adhesion and metastasis, while reducing the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells. Guluronic acid significantly prolongs the survival time of tumor-bearing hosts within a concentration range without direct cytotoxicity, demonstrating favorable safety. Guluronic acid has involved in the research of multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis, breast cancer and other inflammatory diseases[1][2][3][4].

IC50 & Target

MMP-9

 

MMP-2

 

COX-2

 

TLR4

 

iNOS

 

In Vitro

Guluronic acid (G2013) (5-25 μg/well; 18 h following 4 h LPS pre-incubation) significantly suppresses LPS-induced mRNA expression of SOD2, GPX1, GST, and MPO in healthy human PBMCs; at 25 μg/well, it additionally significantly suppresses LPS-induced CAT and iNOS mRNA expression in these cells, while the 5 μg/well dose does not produce statistically significant reductions in CAT or iNOS mRNA expression[1].
Guluronic acid (5 μg/well-15 μg/well; 24 h) in untreated HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells, at 5 μg/well (24 h) significantly reduces TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB gene expression, and significantly increases SHIP1 and SOCS1 gene expression; at 15 μg/well (24 h), it significantly reduces TLR4, MyD88, and SOCS1 gene expression, with non-significant changes to SHIP1 and NF-κB[2].
Guluronic acid (200 ng/ml-125 μg/ml; 24 h) has no cytotoxic effect on HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells at concentrations below 125 μg/ml, and exhibits an IC50 of 125 μg/ml for 24 h treatment[2].
Guluronic acid (25-500 μg/ml; 48 h) dose-dependently inhibits the activity of MMP2 (22-31% reduction) and MMP9 (28-44% reduction) in 4T1 murine breast cancer cells[3].
Guluronic acid (25-500 μg/ml; 24 h co-incubation) reduces LPS-induced PG2E production by ~66% in J774 murine macrophage cells[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Guluronic acid Related Antibodies

Cell Cytotoxicity Assay[2]

Cell Line: HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells
Concentration: 200 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml
Incubation Time: 24 h
Result: Showed concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on cell growth, with an IC50 of 125 μg/ml after 24 h treatment.
Exhibited no cytotoxic effect at concentrations below 125 μg/ml.

Real Time qPCR[2]

Cell Line: HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells (untreated condition)
Concentration: 5 μg/well (low dose); 15 μg/well (high dose)
Incubation Time: 24 h
Result: Decreased TLR4 gene expression by 65% (low dose) and 41% (high dose), compared to control.
Decreased MyD88 gene expression by 82% (low dose) and 47% (high dose), compared to control.
Increased SHIP1 gene expression by 62% (low dose) and decreased it by 27% (high dose, non-significant), compared to control. Increased SOCS1 gene expression by 72% (low dose) and decreased it by 29% (high dose), compared to control.
Decreased NF-κB gene expression by 69% (low dose) and 49% (high dose, non-significant), compared to control.

ELISA Assay[3]

Cell Line: J774 murine macrophage cells
Concentration: 25, 250, 500 μg/ml
Incubation Time: 24 h (co-incubated with LPS)
Result: Reduced PGE2 levels by ~66% across all tested concentrations compared to LPS-only treated cells.
In Vivo

Sodium guluronic acid (G2013) reduces disease severity, delays onset, and decreases incidence of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice[1].
Guluronic acid (50 mg/kg; i.p.; every 2 days; day 6 to day 26 post-tumor inoculation) and Guluronic acid (50 μg/ml; in vitro 48-hour pre-treatment of 4T1 cells) inhibits cancer-related inflammation, reduces tumor growth by up to ~94.1%, eliminates metastasis in pre-treated cells, and prolongs survival in syngeneic murine breast cancer models[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: Breast cancer model in BALB/c (female, 6-8 weeks old, 18-20 g, syngeneic breast cancer model induced by 5×105 4T1 cell injection into mammary fat pad)[3]
Dosage: 50 mg/kg (therapeutic group); 50 μg/ml (cell line pre-treated group)
Administration: i.p.; every 2 days; day 6 to day 26 post-tumor inoculation (therapeutic group); in vitro 48-hour pre-treatment of 4T1 cells before tumor inoculation (cell line pre-treated group)
Result: Reduced tumor volume by ~61.4% (therapeutic group) and ~94.1% (cell line pre-treated group) on day 30 post-inoculation compared to controls.
Exhibited metastasis incidence of 80% lung, 60% lymph node, and 20% liver (therapeutic group); showed no detectable metastasis in any organs (cell line pre-treated group).
Reduced lung metastatic area to ~5% per section (therapeutic group) and 0% (cell line pre-treated group) compared to ~15% in controls.
Lowered serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 significantly in both groups; left TNF-α levels unchanged.
Reduced white blood cell count and granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in both groups.
Reduced frequency of regulatory T cells (Treg) significantly in tumor tissue and lymph nodes (therapeutic group).
Reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) significantly in tumor tissue and spleen (therapeutic group).
Reduced tumor angiogenesis by ~59.8% (therapeutic group) and ~91.1% (cell line pre-treated group) compared to controls.
Lowered tumor tissue mRNA expression of COX-2, MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF significantly in both groups compared to controls.
Prolonged survival significantly, with 100% of mice in the cell line pre-treated group surviving up to day 90, and higher survival rate in the therapeutic group than in controls.
Molecular Weight

194.14

Formula

C6H10O7
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

O=C[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](C(O)=O)O)O)O)O
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 5 mg/mL (25.75 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 5.1509 mL 25.7546 mL 51.5092 mL
5 mM 1.0302 mL 5.1509 mL 10.3018 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
×
Volume
×
Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (2.58 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (5.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (2.58 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (5.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
%
DMSO +
% 
+
%
Tween-80 +
%
Saline
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
 If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO 1 mM 5.1509 mL 25.7546 mL 51.5092 mL 128.7731 mL
5 mM 1.0302 mL 5.1509 mL 10.3018 mL 25.7546 mL
10 mM 0.5151 mL 2.5755 mL 5.1509 mL 12.8773 mL
15 mM 0.3434 mL 1.7170 mL 3.4339 mL 8.5849 mL
20 mM 0.2575 mL 1.2877 mL 2.5755 mL 6.4387 mL
25 mM 0.2060 mL 1.0302 mL 2.0604 mL 5.1509 mL
  • No file chosen (Maximum size is: 1024 Kb)
  • If you have published this work, please enter the PubMed ID.
  • Your name will appear on the site.

Guluronic acid Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Guluronic acid15769-56-9G2013G 2013G-2013MMPCOXVEGFRToll-like Receptor (TLR)NF-κBNO SynthaseMatrix metalloproteinasesCyclooxygenaseVascular endothelial growth factor receptorNuclear factor-κBNuclear factor-kappaBNitric oxide synthasesNOSGPX1CATJ774 murine macrophage cells4T1 murine breast cancer cellsiNOSSOD2MPOHEK-Blue hTLR4 cellsimmune cellsperipheral blood mononuclear cellsInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

Your Recently Viewed Products:

Inquiry Online

Your information is safe with us. * Required Fields.

Product Name

  

Requested Quantity *

Applicant Name *

 

Salutation

Email Address *

 

Phone Number *

Department

 

Organization Name *

City

State

Country or Region *

      

Remarks

Bulk Inquiry

Inquiry Information

Product Name:
Guluronic acid
Cat. No.:
HY-N7700
Quantity:
MCE Japan Authorized Agent:

Customer Review

Thank You for Your Feedback!

Request for HNMR Report

Please fill out this form to request the QC report. We will send it to your Email address shortly.

Your information is safe with us. * Required Fields.

Product Name

  

Lot #

Applicant Name *

 

Email Address *

Phone Number

 

Department *

Organization Name *

 

Country or Region *

Remarks

SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)

English - EN (251 KB) Français - FR (251 KB) Deutsch - DE (251 KB) Norwegian - NO (251 KB) Español - ES (251 KB) Swedish - SV (251 KB) Italian - IT (251 KB) Korean - KR (251 KB) Portuguese - PT (251 KB)

Request for HNMR Report

We have received your request and will respond to you as soon as possible.