Fatty Acid Estolides

9-PAHSA is an orally active endogenous GPR120 agonist (EC₅₀=18 μM). 9-PAHSA significantly inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses by blocking the NF-κB pathway. 9-PAHSA induces adipocyte browning, enhances glucose uptake and reduces lipid accumulation, while improving mitochondrial function and the survival rate of steatotic hepatocytes. In terms of neuroprotection, 9-PAHSA regulates the expression of REST and BDNF in the prefrontal cortex of diabetic mice, and effectively prevents spatial working memory deficits and abnormal social behaviors. 9-PAHSA does not directly regulate insulin secretion or improve systemic insulin sensitivity, and possesses specific anti-inflammatory, metabolic regulatory and neuroprotective properties. 9-PAHSA can be used in the research of diabetes-related cognitive impairment, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

5-PAHSA increases insulin sensitivity, and has orally active anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in mice HFD-induced diabetes mice. 5-PAHSA can be used for research of neurological dysfunction in diabetics.

9-PAHPA is a fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA). FAHFAs are a new family of endogenous lipids, have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects.

13-OAHSA is one of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). 13-OAHSA increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at a high glucose concentration.

5-OAHSA (1-(3-Carboxypropyl)tetradecyl (9Z)-9-octadecenoate) is a endogenous lipid. 5-OAHSA reduces the level of blood glucose, improves the glucose tolerance, and stimulates the the secretion of GLP-1 and insulin. 5-OAHSA exhibits potential in regulating metabolic and inflammatory responses.

9-OAHSA is a fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). 9-OAHSA shows anti-inflammatory effects via inhibiting cytokine production and reduces IL-1β and IL-6 expression. 9-OAHSA is also a protective molecule to prevent colon carcinoma cells from apoptotic cell death.

9-POHSA is a fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). 9-POHSA shows anti-inflammatory effects via inhibiting cytokine production and reduces IL-1β and IL-6 expression.

12-OAHSA is a component of olive oil. 12-OAHSA has oral activity, and improves glucose homeostasis in insulin resistant obese mice.

10-OAHSA is one of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). 10-POHSA increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at a high glucose concentration. 10-OAHSA reduces LPS (HY-D1056)-induced Tnf-α secretion in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs).

13-POHSA is one of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). 13-POHSA increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at a high glucose concentration.

FAHFA 18:1(9Z)/32-O-32:1(25Z) (OAHFA 18:1(n-9, cis)/ω-O-32:1(n-7, cis)) is an (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acid (OAHFA) containing Oleic acid (HY-N1446) and 25(Z)-dotriacontenoic acid.

12-POHSA is one of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). 12-POHSA increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at a high glucose concentration.

5-POHSA is a CD36 and Src kinase modulator acting on taste bud cells, and belongs to the fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) family. 5-POHSA binds to lingual CD36 to initiate intracellular signaling pathways, activate downstream Src kinase, and rapidly elevate intracellular calcium levels. 5-POHSA interacts with the tongue-brain axis by binding to CD36, so as to ameliorate taste disorders and obesity-related adverse reactions. 5-POHSA is applicable to the research of obesity.

12-SAHSA is a fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). 12-SAHSA decreases in the human serum of breast cancer.

9-SAHSA is a fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). 9-SAHSA is a protective molecule to prevent colon carcinoma cells from apoptotic cell death.

10(R)-PAHSA is a stereoisomer of 10-PAHSA, an endogenous lipid that belongs to a collection of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs).

10(S)-PAHSA is a stereoisomer of 10-PAHSA, an endogenous lipid that belongs to a collection of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs).

13-PAHSA is an endogenous lipid that belongs to branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs)

13-SAHSA is an endogenous lipid that belongs to branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs)

12-PAHSA is a fatty ester.