Proquinazid

Wistar (male, 8 weeks old, 170 ± 21 g)^[1]

1 mg/kg bw/day; 2 mg/kg bw/day; 4 mg/kg bw/day; 8 mg/kg bw/day

p.o.; daily; 28 days

Increased body weight gain significantly.
Increased serum creatinine to 104.06 μmol/L (8 mg/kg).
Increased uric acid to 97.16 μmol/L (8 mg/kg).
Increased urea to 16.86 mmol/L (8 mg/kg).
Increased AST to136 UI/L (8 mg/kg).
Increased ALT 47.66 UI/L (8 mg/kg).
Increased ALP to 203.66 UI/L (8 mg/kg).
Increased LDH to 579 UI/L (8 mg/kg).
Increased SOD, CAT, GST activities at 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, then decreased at 4 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg in liver and kidney.
Increased GPx activity in a dose-dependent manner across all doses in liver and kidney.
Increased renal MDA to 32.92 μmol/mg protein (8 mg/kg).
Increased hepatic MDA to 62.69 μmol/mg protein (8 mg/kg).
Increased renal protein carbonyl to 208.13 nmol/mg protein (8 mg/kg).
Increased hepatic protein carbonyl to 295.61 nmol/mg protein (8 mg/kg).
Increased TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in a dose-dependent manner in liver and kidney.
Induced dose-dependent downregulation of Bcl-2 and PCNA, and upregulation of Bax, p53, and caspase-3, with increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in liver and kidney.