α-Phellandrene
Based on 1 Customer Validation
α-Phellandrene (alpha-Phellandrene) is an orally active monoterpenoid and insecticide. α-Phellandrene can be isolated from plant essential oils. α-Phellandrene induces Apoptosis and Autophagy. α-Phellandrene promotes cAMP signaling pathway and increases NO production. α-Phellandrene has anti-inflammatory and anticancer (sarcoma) activities. α-Phellandrene shows insecticidal activity against Lucilia cuprina L3. α-Phellandrene reduces mechanical hyperalgesia.
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- Pureté : 85.70%
- CAS No.: 99-83-2
- Formule: C10H16
- Masse moléculaire:136.23
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Stockage:
4°C, stored under nitrogen
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen)
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Activité biologique
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Chemical Information
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Solvant et solubilité
- Protocole
- Pureté et documentation
- Références
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Help & FAQs
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Activité biologique
Description
In Vitro
α-Phellandrene (10-200 μM; 16 h) significantly enhances the proliferation and migration of L929 fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner[1].
α‑Phellandrene (50-250 μM; 72 h) enhances the apoptosis of HT‑29 cells induced by 5‑fluorouracil (HY-90006) by modulating the mitochondria‑dependent pathway[2].
α-Phellandrene (30 μM; 24 h) significantly increases the necrotic cell number, NO production, LDH leakage and ATP depletion in J5 cells[3].
α-Phellandrene (10 μM; 48 h) alters expression of genes associated with DNA damage, cell cycle, and apoptosis in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells[4].
α-Phellandrene (12.5 μM; 48 h) promotes dermal papilla cell proliferation via promoting cAMP signaling pathway[5].
α-Phellandrene (10-50 μM; 24 h) induces autophagy in human liver cancer J5 cells, as indicated by an increase in autophagic vacuole staining[6].
α-Phellandrene (0.29-1.47 μL/cm2) inhibits the emergence of adult Lucilia cuprina L3 larvae, causes damage to the larval body surface and induces histological changes in target organs such as the digestive tract, fat body, and brain of the larvae[7].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
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Cell Line:J5 cells
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Concentration:30 μM
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Incubation Time:6, 12, 24 h
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Result:Had no significant effect on the protein expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, full-length PARP and caspase-3 activity.
In Vivo
α-Phellandrene (6.25-50 mg/kg; p.o.; acute assay starts on day 8 after inoculation with S-180; the early regimen is once daily for 8 days; subacute experiment begins on the 17th day) inhibits tumor growth in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180 cells, reduces mechanical hyperalgesia, decreases direct (peritumoral tissue in the subaxillary region) and indirect (right leg) mechanical nociception[9].
α-Phellandrene (6.25-100 mg/kg; i.p.; 30 min before the administration of Ifosfamide) attenuates tissular damage, oxidative stress, and TNF-α levels on acute model Ifosfamide (HY-17419)-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in mice[10].
α-Phellandrene (50-200 mg/kg; p.o.; 1 h before subsequent experiments) attenuates inflammatory response through neutrophil migration inhibition and mast cell degranulation in Wistar rats or Swiss mice[11].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Male BALB/c mice (aged eight weeks, around 22-25 g in weight)[8]
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Dosage:1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg (dissolved in olive oil)
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Administration:Oral gavage, daily for 27 days
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Result:Affected the cell population of normal mice.
Increased the levels of CD3 at 1 mg/kg, increased CD19 level at 5 and 25 mg/kg, and increased Mac-3 level at 25 mg/kg.
Significantly suppressed the CD11b level at 5 and 25 mg/kg.
Promoted phagocytotic activity of macrophages obtained from PBMCs at 5 and 25 mg/kg.
Promoted NK cell activity and B- and T-cell proliferation at 25 mg/kg.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 99-83-2
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Appearance Liquid (Density: 0.848 g/cm3)
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Masse moléculaire 136.23
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Formule C10H16
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Color Colorless to light yellow
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SMILES
CC1=CCC(C=C1)C(C)C
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Synonyms
alpha-Phellandrene
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Livraison
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Stockage
4°C, stored under nitrogen
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen)
Solvant et solubilité
In Vitro:
DMSO : 200 mg/mL (1468.11 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (18.35 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (18.35 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic
This protocol yields a suspended solution of 2.5 mg/mL. Suspended solution can be used for oral and intraperitoneal injection.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL. * In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen)
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocole
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
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TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
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Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
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Autophagy
Autophagy is a process in which eukaryotic cells use lysosomes to degrade their own cytoplasmic proteins and damaged organelles under the regulation of autophagy related gene (Atg). Microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3 (LC3) is recognized as autophagy marker, which transfers from cytoplasmic LC3 (LC3-I) to membrane type (LC3-II). LC3-II/I ratio could be detected by Western Blot and fluorescence microscopy.
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
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Lysosome and acidic-vesicle live-cell staining
Lysosome and acidic-vesicle live-cell staining detects acidic intracellular compartments by using membrane-permeant acidotropic probes that accumulate in low-pH vesicles, including lysosomes, late endosomes, autolysosomes, and acidic phagosomes. LysoTracker staining is commonly used as an intensity-based readout of acidic lysosomal compartment abundance or enlargement, while acridine orange produces green fluorescence in less concentrated compartments and red fluorescence after concentration-dependent accumulation in acidic vesicular organelles. Loss or reduction of acridine-orange red signal can be used as a readout of lysosomal membrane permeabilization or reduced acidic-vesicle integrity. This protocol is designed for live cultured cells and can be adapted for fluorescence microscopy, high-content imaging, plate-reader readout, or flow cytometry when the selected literature supports the readout. Because these dyes report acidotropic accumulation rather than lysosome identity alone,
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Research Protocol for Inflammation-related Diseases
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytosolic innate immune signaling platform that integrates priming signals and danger-signal activation to promote caspase-1 activation, maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, and gasdermin D-mediated pyroptotic cell death. The core experimental logic is to determine whether inflammatory disease phenotypes are driven by increased NLRP3 expression, ASC-containing inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 cleavage, GSDMD cleavage, and extracellular release of IL-1β/IL-18 rather than by nonspecific cell injury alone. The pathway is strongly linked to inflammation-related disease phenotypes because monosodium urate crystals activate NALP3/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in gout-like crystal inflammation, cholesterol crystals activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in atherogenesis models, and DSS-induced intestinal inflammation has been reported to involve NLRP3 inflammasome activity. However, experimental colitis studies also show context-dependent protective effects of NLRP3 inflammasome co
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Macroautophagy Solutions
Macroautophagy is a conserved lysosome-dependent degradation pathway in which cytoplasmic material is sequestered into double-membrane autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. The pathway supports cellular homeostasis during nutrient limitation, organelle stress, protein-aggregate accumulation, infection, differentiation, and tissue remodeling by coupling cargo sequestration, autophagosome maturation, lysosomal fusion, and degradation of cargo-derived macromolecules. The core molecular sequence includes initiation by nutrient- and stress-regulated autophagy machinery, autophagosome nucleation, LC3/ATG8-family conjugation to autophagosomal membranes, cargo selection through receptors such as SQSTM1/p62, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and lysosomal degradation. LC3 was identified as a mammalian homolog of yeast Atg8 that localizes to autophagosomal membranes after processing, and p62/SQSTM1 was shown to connect ubiquitinated cargo with autophagic degradati
Pureté et documentation
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Fiche technique (280 KB)
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SDS (631 KB)
- English - EN (631 KB)
- Français - FR (631 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (631 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (631 KB)
- Español - ES (631 KB)
- Swedish - SV (631 KB)
- Italian - IT (631 KB)
- Korean - KR (631 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (631 KB)
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Instruction de manipulation (2659 KB)
Références
[1]. Abdouli I, et al. TiO2 Catalyzed Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) Conversion in Water: Evidence That This Model Reaction Probes Basicity in Addition to Acidity. Molecules. 2022 Nov 24;27(23):8172. [Content Brief]
[2]. Susanto AC, et al. α‑Phellandrene enhances the apoptosis of HT‑29 cells induced by 5‑fluorouracil by modulating the mitochondria‑dependent pathway. Oncol Rep. 2024 Apr;51(4):61. [Content Brief]
[3]. Hsieh SL, et al. Induction of necrosis in human liver tumor cells by α-phellandrene. Nutr Cancer. 2014;66(6):970-9. [Content Brief]
[4]. Lin JJ, et al. α-Phellandrene alters expression of genes associated with DNA damage, cell cycle, and apoptosis in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells. Anticancer Res. 2014 Aug;34(8):4161-80. [Content Brief]
[5]. Kang W, et al. Activation of cAMP Signaling in Response to α-Phellandrene Promotes Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels and Proliferation in Human Dermal Papilla Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Aug 11;23(16):8959. [Content Brief]
[6]. Hsieh LC, et al. Induction of α-phellandrene on autophagy in human liver tumor cells. Am J Chin Med. 2015;43(1):121-36. [Content Brief]
[7]. Chaaban A, et al. Insecticide activity of Curcuma longa (leaves) essential oil and its major compound α-phellandrene against Lucilia cuprina larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae): Histological and ultrastructural biomarkers assessment. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2019 Jan;153:17-27. [Content Brief]
[8]. Lin JJ, et al. Alpha-phellandrene promotes immune responses in normal mice through enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and natural killer cell activities. In Vivo. 2013 Nov-Dec;27(6):809-14. [Content Brief]
[9]. Pinheiro-Neto FR, et al. α-Phellandrene exhibits antinociceptive and tumor-reducing effects in a mouse model of oncologic pain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2021 May 1;418:115497. [Content Brief]
[11]. Siqueira HDS, et al. α-Phellandrene, a cyclic monoterpene, attenuates inflammatory response through neutrophil migration inhibition and mast cell degranulation. Life Sci. 2016 Sep 1;160:27-33. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 7.3405 mL | 36.7026 mL | 73.4053 mL | 183.5132 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.4681 mL | 7.3405 mL | 14.6811 mL | 36.7026 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7341 mL | 3.6703 mL | 7.3405 mL | 18.3513 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.4894 mL | 2.4468 mL | 4.8937 mL | 12.2342 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.3670 mL | 1.8351 mL | 3.6703 mL | 9.1757 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2936 mL | 1.4681 mL | 2.9362 mL | 7.3405 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.2447 mL | 1.2234 mL | 2.4468 mL | 6.1171 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1835 mL | 0.9176 mL | 1.8351 mL | 4.5878 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1468 mL | 0.7341 mL | 1.4681 mL | 3.6703 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.1223 mL | 0.6117 mL | 1.2234 mL | 3.0586 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0918 mL | 0.4588 mL | 0.9176 mL | 2.2939 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0734 mL | 0.3670 mL | 0.7341 mL | 1.8351 mL |
α-Phellandrene Related Classifications
HY-121615 Related Classifications
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