2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13434A
    Ionomycin calcium
    		Inducer 98.32%
    Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is a potent, selective calcium ionophore and an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces conglobatus. Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is highly specific for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba). Ionomycin (SQ23377) promotes apoptosis. Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) also induces the activation of protein kinase C (PKC).
    Ionomycin calcium
  • HY-B0099
    Edaravone
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Edaravone is a strong novel free radical scavenger, and inhibits MMP-9-related brain hemorrhage in rats treated with tissue plasminogen activator.
    Edaravone
  • HY-15640
    Capsazepine
    		Inducer 99.05%
    Capsazepine is a synthetic analogue of the sensory neurone excitotoxin, and an antagonist of TRPV1 receptor with an IC50 of 562 nM.
    Capsazepine
  • HY-16591
    Birinapant
    		Inducer 99.70%
    Birinapant (TL32711), a bivalent Smac mimetic, is a potent antagonist for XIAP and cIAP1 with Kds of 45 nM and less than 1 nM, respectively. Birinapant (TL32711) induces the autoubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of cIAP1 and cIAP2 in intact cells, which results in formation of a RIPK1: caspase-8 complex, caspase-8 activation, and induction of tumor cell death. Birinapant (TL32711) targets TRAF2-associated cIAPs and abrogates TNF-induced NF-κB activation.
    Birinapant
  • HY-N6785
    Okadaic acid
    		Inducer 99.19%
    Okadaic acid, a marine toxin, is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP). Okadaic acid has a significantly higher affinity for PP2A (IC50=0.1-0.3 nM), and inhibits PP1 (IC50=15-50 nM), PP3 (IC50=3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC50=0.1 nM), PP5 (IC50=3.5 nM), but does not inhibit PP2C. Okadaic acid increases of phosphorylation of a number of proteins by inhibiting PP, and acts a tumor promoter. Okadaic acid induces tau phosphorylation.
    Okadaic acid
  • HY-12137
    Volasertib
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Volasertib (BI 6727) is an orally active, highly potent and ATP-competitive Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.87 nM. Volasertib inhibits PLK2 and PLK3 with IC50s of 5 and 56 nM, respectively. Volasertib induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Volasertib, a dihydropteridinone derivative, shows marked antitumor activity in multiple cancer models.
    Volasertib
  • HY-15453
    Devimistat
    		Inducer 99.57%
    Devimistat is a mitochondrial metabolism inhibitor. Devimistat is a lipoic acid antagonist that abrogates mitochondrial energy metabolism to induce apoptosis in various cancer cells.
    Devimistat
  • HY-B1625
    Deferoxamine
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Deferoxamine (Deferoxamine B) is an iron chelator (binds to Fe(III) and many other metal cations), is widely used to reduce iron accumulation and deposition in tissues. Deferoxamine upregulates HIF-1α levels with good antioxidant activity. Deferoxamine also shows anti-proliferative activity, can induce apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Deferoxamine can be used in studies of diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases as well as anti-cancer and anti-COVID-19.
    Deferoxamine
  • HY-N0148
    Rutin
    		Inhibitor 98.09%
    Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin is also a CBR1 inhibitor, which can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.
    Rutin
  • HY-15186
    Ipatasertib
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Ipatasertib (GDC-0068) is an orally active, highly selective and ATP-competitive pan-Akt inhibitor with IC50 values of 5, 18, 8 nM for Akt1/2/3, respectively. Ipatasertib synchronously activates FoxO3a and NF-κB through inhibition of Akt leading to p53-independent activation of PUMA. Ipatasertib also induces apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft mouse models.
    Ipatasertib
  • HY-10461
    PF-573228
    		Inducer 99.32%
    PF-573228 is a potent and selective FAK inhibitor with IC50 of 4 nM for purified recombinant catalytic fragment of FAK.
    PF-573228
  • HY-16938
    5'-Methylthioadenosine
    		99.75%
    5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis.
    5'-Methylthioadenosine
  • HY-13064
    Cobimetinib
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Cobimetinib (GDC-0973, RG7420) is a potent, selective and oral MEK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.2 nM for MEK1.
    Cobimetinib
  • HY-14658
    Thalidomide
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Thalidomide inhibits cereblon (CRBN), a part of the cullin-4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CUL4-RBX1-DDB1, with a Kd of ∼250 nM, and has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic cancer properties. Thalidomide can work as molecular glue to potentiate substrate.
    Thalidomide
  • HY-13311
    Infigratinib
    		Inducer 99.82%
    Infigratinib (BGJ-398; NVP-BGJ398) is a potent inhibitor of the FGFR family with IC50s of 0.9 nM, 1.4 nM, 1 nM, and 60 nM for FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4, respectively.
    Infigratinib
  • HY-146245
    ODN 1826
    		Inducer 99.69%
    ODN 1826 is a class B CpG ODN (oligodeoxynucleotide) and TLR9 agonist. ODN 1826 induces NO and iNOS production and enhances Apoptosis. ODN 1826 enhances immune surveillance. ODN 1826 increases aortic atherosclerotic plaque size. ODN 1826 has antitumor activity against lung cancer, glioma and melanoma.
    ODN 1826
  • HY-101091
    Importazole
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Importazole is a small molecule inhibitor of the nuclear transport receptor importin-β.
    Importazole
  • HY-13671
    LW6
    		Inducer 98.86%
    LW6 (HIF-1α inhibitor) is a novel HIF-1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 4.4 μM, and it is also an inhibitor of MDH2. LW6 decreases HIF-1α protein expression without affecting HIF-1β expression.
    LW6
  • HY-13404
    Capmatinib
    		Inducer 99.71%
    Capmatinib (INC280; INCB28060) is a potent, orally active, selective, and ATP competitive c-Met kinase inhibitor (IC50=0.13 nM). Capmatinib can inhibit phosphorylation of c-MET as well as c-MET pathway downstream effectors such as ERK1/2, AKT, FAK, GAB1, and STAT3/5. Capmatinib potently inhibits c-MET-dependent tumor cell proliferation and migration and effectively induces apoptosis. Antitumor activity. Capmatinib is largely metabolized by CYP3A4 and aldehyde oxidase.
    Capmatinib
  • HY-N0109
    Salidroside
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Salidroside (Rhodioloside) is a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor. Salidroside alleviates cachexia symptoms in mouse models of cancer cachexia via activating mTOR signalling. Salidroside protects dopaminergic neurons by enhancing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
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Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity