2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0176R
    Dihydroartemisinin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dihydroartemisinin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dihydroartemisinin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dihydroartemisinin is a potent anti-malaria agent.
    Dihydroartemisinin (Standard)
  • HY-18719A
    Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.49%
    Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride, an orally active Tamoxifen (HY-13757A) metabolite, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator with 100-fold more potency than its parent agent, Tamoxifen. Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride inhibits PKCβ1 kinase activity. Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride attenuates PKCβ1-activated AKTSer473 phosphorylation, diminishes AKT substrate phosphorylation, and induces Apoptosis. Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride exhibits anticancer activity against hormone-resistant metastatic breast cancer.
    Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride
  • HY-W014589R
    2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (Standard)
    2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (HY-W014589). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) is an orally active RXRα activator and a human estrogen receptor ligand with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which can induce apoptosis in tumor cells. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol can activate the RXRα subtype in LXRα/RXRα, PPARγ/RXRα, and hormone receptor β/RXRα. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol also has antiviral and antifungal activities, and has the potential to inhibit Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol can be used as an intermediate in the preparation of antioxidants and UV stabilizers, and is also used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and fragrances.
    2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (Standard)
  • HY-121149
    Droloxifene
    		Activator 99.89%
    Droloxifene, a Tamoxifen derivative, is an orally active and selective estrogen receptor modulator. Droloxifene shows antiestrogenic and anti-implantation effects. Droloxifene induces p53 expression and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Droloxifene prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rats .
    Droloxifene
  • HY-100490
    Rilmenidine
    		Inducer 99.9%
    Rilmenidine, an innovative antihypertensive agent, is an orally active, selective I1 imidazoline receptor agonist. Rilmenidine is an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Rilmenidine induces autophagy. Rilmenidine acts both centrally by reducing sympathetic overactivity and in the kidney by inhibiting the Na+/H+ antiport. Rilmenidine modulates proliferation and stimulates the proapoptotic protein Bax thus inducing the perturbation of the mitochondrial pathway and apoptosis in human leukemic K562 cells.
    Rilmenidine
  • HY-139381
    MitoEbselen-2 chloride
    MitoEbselen-2 chloride (MitoPeroxidase 2), a mitochondria-targeted mimic of glutathione peroxidase, is a radiation mitigator. MitoEbselen-2 chloride is effective in reducing lipid hydroperoxides, preventing apoptotic cell death.
    MitoEbselen-2 chloride
  • HY-N2445
    Flavokawain C
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Flavokawain C is an orally active natural chalcone. Flavokawain C inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cells. Flavokawain C upregulates GADD153 in cancer cells, inhibits the phosphorylation of Akt and JNK, suppresses early ERK phosphorylation, activates late ERK phosphorylation, activates caspase related subtypes, induces PARP-1 cleavage, causes upregulation of p21 and p27, downregulation of mutant p53 and anti-apoptotic IAP proteins, elevates intracellular ROS levels, reduces SOD activity, and induces apoptosis. Flavokawain C downregulates FABP4, induces autophagy in cancer cells, and activates the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Flavokawain C decreases the expression of glycolysis-related proteins GLUT1 and HK2, and inhibits glycolysis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Flavokawain C inhibits the activation of the EGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and reduces the expression of HSP90B1. Flavokawain C inhibits angiogenesis by decreasing the expression of angiogenic proteins Ang-1 and VEGF in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Flavokawain C increases γ-H2AX levels in cells, inhibits the phosphorylation of FAK, PI3K and AKT in cells, and induces DNA damage in cells. Flavokawain C exerts anti-tumor activity in multiple tumor xenograft mouse models. Flavokawain C is applicable to research related to colorectal cancer, colon adenocarcinoma, nephroblastoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and liver cancer.
    Flavokawain C
  • HY-N6064
    Polygalacin D
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Polygalacin D (PGD) is a bioactive compound isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum with anticancer and anti-proliferative properties. PGD suppresses the expression of the IAP family of proteins including survivin, cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 and blocks the PI3K/Akt pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of GSK3β, Akt and the expression of PI3K. Polygalacin D induces apoptosis
    Polygalacin D
  • HY-D0162
    Malachite green hemioxalate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Malachite green hemioxalate (MCCK1) is a triphenylmethane dye which can be used to detect the release of phosphate in enzymatic reactions. Malachite green hemioxalate has antibacterial activity, which is attributed to inhibition of intracellular enzymes, insertion into DNA and/or interaction with cell membranes. Malachite green hemioxalate is also a potent and selective inhibitor of IKBKE, and inhibits its downstream targets such as IκBα, p65 and IRF3. Malachite green hemioxalate exhibits antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.
    Malachite green hemioxalate
  • HY-161464
    Chlopynostat
    		Inducer 98.36%
    Chlopynostat (Compound 6c) is a HDAC1 inhibitor with a IC50 value of 67 nM. Chlopynostat reverses STAT4/p66Shc defects by inhibiting HDAC1-induced < b>Apoptosis.
    Chlopynostat
  • HY-17522
    Meptyldinocap
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Meptyldinocap (2,4-DNOPC) is a fungicide and cytotoxic agent that acts against powdery mildew. Meptyldinocap upregulates the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, JNK and p38. Meptyldinocap induces apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress, disrupts calcium homeostasis, inhibits cell proliferation and migration, downregulates the expression of proliferation- and pregnancy-related genes, and triggers mitochondrial dysfunction. Meptyldinocap can be used in studies related to powdery mildew and implantation failure.
    Meptyldinocap
  • HY-165099
    C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate
    		Inhibitor 99.0%
    C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate is a cell apoptosis inhibitor and a cell survival inducer that can stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division. C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate can inhibit acidic sphingomyelinase (SMase) and stimulate PI3-K, which in turn produces PIP3; PIP3 can also inhibit acidic SMase. The C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate and ceramide can be interconverted in cells through kinase and phosphatase activity, and maintaining the balance between the two is crucial for cellular and tissue homeostasis.
    C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate
  • HY-113638
    CVT-11127
    		Inducer 99.94%
    CVT-11127 is a potent SCD inhibitor. CVT-11127 induces apoposis and arrests the cell cycle at the G1/S phase. CVT-11127 has the potential for the research of lung cancer.
    CVT-11127
  • HY-176848
    SKLB-Y13
    		Inducer 98.44%
    SKLB-Y13 is a selective YTHDF1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.76 μM and a KD of 5.097 μM. SKLB-Y13 binds to the Tyr397 and Trp470 residues in the m6A-binding pocket of YTHDF1, disrupting the interaction between YTHDF1 and m6A-modified mRNA. SKLB-Y13 inhibits cancer cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. SKLB-Y13 is applicable to breast cancer-related research.
    SKLB-Y13
  • HY-B1014
    Acenocoumarol
    		Inducer 99.17%
    Acenocoumarol is an anticoagulant that functions as a Vitamin K antagonist. Acenocoumarol inhibits MAPK/ERK/JNK signaling pathway, reduces the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, activates Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. Acenocoumarol induces apoptosis in cell A549, arrests cell cycle at S phase.
    Acenocoumarol
  • HY-W585874
    Nε-(Carboxyethyl)lysine
    		99.97%
    Nε-(Carboxyethyl) lysine is an advanced glycation end product (AGE). Nε-(Carboxyethyl) lysine induces cross-linking between proteins, thereby affecting protein structure and function and causing protein denaturation. Nε-(Carboxyethyl) lysine binds to the RAGE receptor, affects cell signal transduction, and regulates processes such as inflammatory responses, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Nε-(Carboxyethyl) lysine affects glutamate transporters, reduces glutamate uptake and S100β protein secretion, influences neurotransmission in the nervous system, and exhibits diabetes-related neurotoxicity.
    Nε-(Carboxyethyl)lysine
  • HY-174876
    PZ671
    		Inducer 98.70%
    PZ671 is a potent Bcl-xL PROTAC degrader with an IC50 of 1.3 nM (MOLT-4 cells) and a DC50 of 0.9 nM (Bcl-xL). PZ671 induces apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells. PZ671 effectively inhibits tumor growth and rapidly reverses transient platelet counts reduction in MOLT-4 xenograft mice. PZ671 can be used for the research of cancer, such as small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
    PZ671
  • HY-13703A
    Nimustine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.00%
    Nimustine hydrochloride (ACNU) is the hydrochloride salt form of Nimustine (HY-13703). Nimustine hydrochloride is an alkylating agent, which induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and inter-strand crosslinks (ICLs), thereby activating the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathway. Nimustine hydrochloride activates p38 MAPK/JNK signaling pathway, and exhibits antitumor activity.
    Nimustine hydrochloride
  • HY-110077
    API-1
    		Inducer 99.62%
    API-1 is a potent selective Akt/PKB inhibitor that reduces the level of phosphorylated Akt (IC50 = 0.8 μM). API-1 binds to the PH domain and inhibits Akt membrane translocation. API-1 induces c-FLIP degradation. API-1 reduces cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. API-1 decreases tumor growth in mouse xenograft model.
    API-1
  • HY-19696AS
    Tauroursodeoxycholate-d4 sodium
    		Inhibitor 99.50%
    Tauroursodeoxycholate-d4 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Tauroursodeoxycholate sodium. Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA) sodium is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
    Tauroursodeoxycholate-d<sub>4</sub> sodium
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity