Ovalbumins

BALB/c (male, SPF grade, 6-8 weeks old, 25 g)^[1]

50 μg (sensitization); 25 mg/mL (challenge)

i.p. (on days 0, 7, 14); i.n. (daily from days 22 to 28, 20 μL per nostril)

Induced a significant increase in nasal symptom scores [6.00 (6.00, 6.00)] compared to the blank control group [1.50 (1.00, 3.50)].
Caused nasal mucosal destruction, ciliary disorder, mucosal thickening, and goblet cell hyperplasia.
Upregulated serum levels of ovalbumin-specific IgE (18.01), histamine (15.14), and IL-33 (152.55) compared to the blank control group.
Increased lung mRNA levels of IL-5, IL-13, and TNF-α, and decreased lung mRNA levels of IFN-γ compared to the blank control group.
Increased nasal mucosa and lung protein/mRNA levels of IL-33 and ST2 compared to the blank control group.

BALB/c (female, 5-6 weeks old)^[2]

1 mg/kg

i.n.; 6 times over 2 weeks

Did not induce significant airway hyper-responsiveness compared to control.
Resulted in minimal increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total cells and macrophages relative to control, with no significant increases in lymphocytes, eosinophils, or neutrophils.
Increased lung homogenate levels of IL-5, IL-13, IL-1β, and IFN-γ compared to control, but levels were significantly lower than those in all silica nanoparticle/ovalbumin groups.
Showed minimal peribronchial and perivascular inflammation and only a small increase in goblet cell metaplasia relative to control.\nResulted in significantly increased lung homogenate levels of IL-5 and IL-1β compared to ovalbumin administered with saline.
Induced significantly higher bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils than ovalbumin administered with saline.
Caused greater peribronchial/perivascular inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia than ovalbumin administered with saline.
Induced significant airway hyper-responsiveness compared to control, saline/OVA, and P-SNP/OVA groups.\nResulted in significantly increased lung homogenate levels of IL-1β and IFN-γ compared to ovalbumin administered with saline.
Induced significantly higher bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils than ovalbumin administered with saline.
Caused greater peribronchial/perivascular inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia than ovalbumin administered with saline.
Induced significant airway hyper-responsiveness compared to control, saline/OVA, and P-SNP/OVA groups.\nDid not result in significant differences in lung homogenate IL-5, IL-13, IL-1β, or IFN-γ levels compared to ovalbumin administered with saline.
Resulted in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell counts, airway hyper-responsiveness, and lung pathological changes comparable to those induced by ovalbumin administered with saline.