Histological Analysis

Bathophenanthroline is a nitrogen-containing organic ligand that can form stable complexes with transition metal ions such as Ru²⁺. In proteomics, Bathophenanthroline is often used for in-gel protein staining. The negatively charged sulfonic acid groups of Bathophenanthroline interact electrostatically with the positively charged amino acid residues of proteins, thereby achieving specific binding to proteins and enhancing the fluorescent signal of detection. Bathophenanthroline can be used for protein separation and detection in SDS-PAGE gels in the field of proteomics, as well as other fluorescence studies[1]. Ex/Em=532 nm/610 nm[1].

Stains-All, a cationic carbocyanine dye, is a convenient probe to study the structural features of the individual calcium-binding sites of calmodulin (CaM) and related calcium-binding proteins (CaBP).

EC-17 disodium salt is a folate receptor alpha (FRα) targeting contrast agent with fluorescent properties in the visible light spectrum. The EC-17 maximum excitation and emission wavelengths are 490 nm and 520 nm, respectively.

APF is a cell-permeable fluorogenic probe to measure hydroxyly radical of ROS. APF is nonfluorescent and produces bright green fluorescence upon reaction with hydroxyl radical. APF can be used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ex/Em=490/525 nm).

Alizarin Red S sodium is an anthraquinone derivative dye. When combined with cations such as calcium ions, the functional group of Alizarin Red S sodium can form a coordination bond with the cation through the oxygen atom to show orange-red fluorescence. Alizarin Red S sodium can be used for screening of calcium compounds in synovial fluid and detecting osteoblast differentiation, and can also be used for bone staining in mice. Excitation/emission wavelength: 500/570 nm.

Janus green B is a supravital stain. Janus green B staining reaction is oxygen dependent, and is reversibly inhibited by cyanide. Janus Green B has been used to stain structures such as peripheral nerves in living insects, rabbit lymphatic vessels, mitochondria, and mast cells.

Direct Black 38 (Chlorazol Black E) is a benzidine-based azo dye, a substrate of Enterococcus gallinarum, and is mainly used for textile dyeing. Direct Black 38 is biodegradable after being reduced by microbial enzymes (such as Enterococcus gallinarum azoreductase), breaking the azo bonds and releasing benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl. Direct Black 38 can be used in environmental toxicology, wastewater treatment and carcinogenicity studies, but its metabolite benzidine is listed as a human carcinogen.

Merbromin is a mixed inhibitor of the 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2, with an IC₅₀ of 2.7 μM. Merbromin effectively inhibits the replication of the Zika virus (ZIKV) and shows anti-ZIKV activity by inhibiting ZIKVpro. Merbromin can also be used as a topical disinfectant for cuts and scrapes, and it serves as a biological dye.

Basic green 4 (Malachite green) is a cationic dye that is widely used as a bactericide in aquaculture and is also commonly used in laboratories for the determination of phosphates. Basic green 4 exhibits high cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity to mammalian cells, specifically shown by its IC₅₀ values of 2.03 µM for HEp-2 human laryngeal cells and 13.8 µM for Caco-2 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, and it can promote the development of liver tumors. The maximum absorbance wavelength is 621 nm.

Sulfobromophthalein (Bromosulfophthalein) disodium salt is an organic anion dye used in the study of a variety of membrane carriers expressed in animal tissues and involved in transport of agents and metabolites.

TMB dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride form of TMB (HY-15930). TMB dihydrochloride is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB dihydrochloride can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB dihydrochloride can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.

Phenol red (Phenolsulfonephthalein) sodium salt is a pH indicator dye. Phenol Red sodium salt is also an antagonist of rat P2X1R. Phenol Red sodium salt enhances the halogenating activity of myeloperoxidase. Phenol Red sodium salt shows a distinct color change from pink to yellow in a positive pH reaction.

Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S) is an orange azo dye with a maximum absorption wavelength of 480 nm. Sunset Yellow FCF can be used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Nile blue chloride is a highly fluorescent and photostable organic dye. Nile blue chloride and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) can be used to construct a ratiometric pH sensitive probe for tracking the pH of the extracellular fluid between cancer cells in realtime. Nile Blue chloride has the potential for the research of nonlinear optics.

Coumberone is a metabolic fluorogenic probe, and isoform-selective substrate for all AKR1C isoforms. Coumberone can be reduced by all four members of the AKR1C family to its fluorescent alcohol coumberol. Coumberone can be used for the research of AKR1C.

Phenolphthalein is an acid-base indicator that is colorless in an acidic environment and pink in an alkaline environment. Phenolphthalein is genotoxic and potentially carcinogenic to mice. In addition, phenolphthalein is also a blood indicator.

Fast Red Violet LB Zinc chloride is a stain that stains tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and Fast Red Violet LB Zinc chloride can be used to stain alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity.

Thionin acetate is a compound present in the seeds, stems, roots, and leaves of many plant species with antibacterial activity. Thionin acetate is a metachromatic cationic histological dye widely used in biological staining, such as Nissl staining.

Sulfidefluor 7-AM is a stable hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) fluorescent probe. Sulfidefluor 7-AM is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Azide group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAc) with molecules containing Alkyne groups. It can also undergo strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions with molecules containing DBCO or BCN groups.

Carmoisine (Azorubine) is an azo dye that can be used as a food additive.