MPTP hydrochloride
Based on 95 publication(s) in Google Scholar
MPTP hydrochloride is a brain penetrant dopaminergic neurotoxin. MPTP hydrochloride can be used to induce Parkinson’s Disease model. MPTP hydrochloride, a precusor of MPP+, induces apoptosis. MPTP hydrochloride has been verified by MCE with professional biological experiments.
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- Pureza: 99.91%
- No. CAS: 23007-85-4
- Fòrmula: C12H16ClN
- Peso molecular:209.72
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Almacenamiento:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year (sealed storage, away from moisture)
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) MPTP hydrochloride
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021 Feb 24;6(1):77. [Abstract]
- J Nanobiotechnology. 2024 Sep 14;22(1):567. [Abstract]
- Biomaterials. 2026 Jun 1:335:124350. [Abstract]
- Carbohydr Polym. 2026 Jan 1:371:124492. [Abstract]
- Chem Eng J. 2025 Apr 1.
- Chem Eng J. 2024 Sep 20.
- Cell Death Dis. 2021 Feb 15;12(2):181. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2019 Dec 16;10(12):952. [Abstract]
- J Neuroinflammation. 2024 Apr 12;21(1):92. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Discov. 2025 Jul 29;11(1):351. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Discov. 2022 May 20;8(1):267. [Abstract]
- J Transl Med. 2025 Jul 11;23(1):781. [Abstract]
- Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026 Mar 31;123(13):e2520119123. [Abstract]
- Food Res Int. 2025 Feb:201:115590. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Dec 28;339(Pt 1):149946. [Abstract]
- Neural Regen Res. 2026 Jun 20. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Med. 2025 Jun;55(6):85. [Abstract]
- Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Nov 13;12(11):1999. [Abstract]
- Chin Med. 2025 Nov 8;20(1):185. [Abstract]
- Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2025 May 29;45(1):53. [Abstract]
- Neurotherapeutics. 2025 Mar;22(2):e00538. [Abstract]
- J Med Chem. 2023 Sep 14;66(17):12614-12628. [Abstract]
- Redox Rep. 2026 Dec 31;31(1):2668238. [Abstract]
- Pharmaceutics. 2022 Aug 18;14(8):1731. [Abstract]
- Neurosci Bull. 2025 Nov 18. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 May 10:325:117857. [Abstract]
- Talanta. 2025 Dec 1:295:128302. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2025 Dec 17;73(50):32013-32025. [Abstract]
- Eur J Med Chem. 2023 Jul 5:255:115417. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2026 Jul;32(7):e71019.
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2026 Jun;32(6):e70968. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2025 Oct;31(10):e70626. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024 Feb;30(2):e14407. [Abstract]
- Int J Pharm. 2020 Mar 15:577:119053. [Abstract]
- Nutrients. 2022 Nov 4;14(21):4678. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Mar 19;26(6):2762. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Nov 27;25(23):12733. [Abstract]
- Mol Neurobiol. 2025 May 22. [Abstract]
- Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Apr 21. [Abstract]
- J Nutr Biochem. 2025 Sep:143:109954. [Abstract]
- Microchem J. 2024 Nov.
- Front Aging Neurosci. 2023 Jan 25:15:1087823. [Abstract]
- Toxicol Sci. 2020 Oct 1;177(2):506-520. [Abstract]
- Molecules. 2026 Apr 2;31(7):1175. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2025 Apr 8;15(1):11947. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2025 Apr 15;15(1):13027. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2025 Jan 25;15(1):3190. [Abstract]
- Bioelectrochemistry. 2020 Aug:134:107532. [Abstract]
- Exp Neurol. 2025 Jan:383:115040. [Abstract]
- Exp Neurol. 2025 Jan:383:115001. [Abstract]
- Exp Neurol. 2024 Dec:382:114958. [Abstract]
- Neuropharmacology. 2026 Jul 1:292:110950. [Abstract]
- Neuropharmacology. 2026 Jun 1:290:110899. [Abstract]
- ACS Chem Neurosci. 2026 Jan 21;17(2):367-381. [Abstract]
- Brain Res Bull. 2025 Nov:232:111595. [Abstract]
- ACS Chem Neurosci. 2025 Mar 5;16(5):968-980. [Abstract]
- Brain Res Bull. 2024 Aug:214:110989. [Abstract]
- Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2026 Apr 2:146:111680. [Abstract]
- Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2026 Mar 7. [Abstract]
- J Funct Foods. 2025 Feb.
- Neurotox Res. 2023 Jun;41(3):212-223. [Abstract]
- Neurotox Res. 2020 Jun;38(1):27-37. [Abstract]
- J Integr Neurosci. 2026 Jan 23;25(1):45758. [Abstract]
- J Integr Neurosci. 2024 Feb 4;23(2):29. [Abstract]
- Psychopharmacology. 2023 Sep;240(9):1947-1961. [Abstract]
- Brain Res. 2026 Oct 15:1889:150449.
- Brain Res. 2020 Nov 1:1746:147023. [Abstract]
- Brain Res. 2020 Jan 1:1726:146493. [Abstract]
- Brain Res. 2019 Oct 15:1721:146334. [Abstract]
- Brain Res. 2019 Jul 15:1715:203-212. [Abstract]
- Brain Res. 2016 Jul 1:1642:546-552. [Abstract]
- J Neuroimmunol. 2026 May 14:418:578968. [Abstract]
- 3 Biotech. 2026 Apr;16(4):146. [Abstract]
- Fitoterapia. 2024 Jun:175:105908. [Abstract]
- IBRO Neurosci Rep. 2021 Nov 27:12:1-11. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Jun 11;526(4):1013-1020. [Abstract]
- Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2019 Feb:177:1-11. [Abstract]
- Cytotechnology. 2026 Feb;78(1):12. [Abstract]
- Neurosci Lett. 2025 Oct 14:865:138351. [Abstract]
- Neurosci Lett. 2021 Jan 10:741:135493. [Abstract]
- Nephrology (Carlton). 2025 Feb;30(2):e70006. [Abstract]
- J Vis Exp. 2025 Aug 29:(222). [Abstract]
- Clin Neuropharmacol. 2022 Nov-Dec;45(6):168-174. [Abstract]
- J Anat Sci. 2026 Jun 15;17(2).
- Brain‐X. 2025 Jun 27.
- Res Sq. 2025 Apr 24.
- Res Sq. 2024 Sep 08.
- Heliyon. 2024 Oct 1;10(21):e38822. [Abstract]
- Research Square Preprint. 2024 Apr 17.
- Charles University. 2024 Jan 29.
- bioRxiv. 2023 Jun 26:2023.06.26.546143. [Abstract]
- Research Square Preprint. 2021 Jun.
- University of Szeged. 2020 Dec.
- Heliyon. 2020 Jul 11;6(7):e04425. [Abstract]
- AfricArXiv Preprints. 2019 Aug.
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Actividad biológica
Descripciòn
In Vitro
Pretreatment with 50 mM 4-phenylpyridine, reduces IC50 (concentration for 50% inhibition of twitch amplitude) values of MPTP from 53 to 18 mM and d-tubocurarine from 0.7 to 0.3 mM, respectively, in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Induced Disease Models
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.
MPTP hydrochloride can be used in animal modeling to create Parkinson's disease models. MPTP replicates naturally occurring neurodegeneration and is useful for studying dopaminergic neuronal degeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. After injection, MPTP is rapidly metabolized to MPP+, which has a serum half-life of approximately 6 days in sheep.
Administration:
Acute model: 14-20 mg/kg • ip • 4 times in a day, two hours apart
Sub-acute model: 20-30 mg/kg • ip • once daily for 5 days
2. After administration, we can observe whether the mice have symptoms such as reduced activity, staggering walking, twitching, fried hair, increased urination, etc. On acute dosing, this behavior may last for 24-48 hours, after which the mice behave basically normally. If the sub-acute dosing schedule is used, with the exception of piloerection, which is seen after the first dose, mice appear normal.
3. MPTP is usually sold as MPTP hydrochloride. The molecular weight of MPTP hydrochloride is 209.7. Therefore, it is recommended to take into account the presence of hydrochloride (HCl) when preparing injectable solutions. HCl has a molecular weight of 35.4 and accounts for 17% of MPTP. Thus, if a 20 mg/kg dose of MPTP is to be prepared, the MPTP hydrochloride dose administered is 20 mg kg* 1.17 = 23.4 mg/kg.
4. If multiple injections are given within 1 day, it is best to alternate the injections on both sides. If injected every day, it should be done at the same time. Before each injection, the mice need to be weighed and the dosage volume should be adjusted.
5. Modeling mice may not show behavioral defects of Parkinson's disease. Mice may show individual differences, and the success rate of modeling is generally difficult to reach 100%. Therefore nigrostriatal damage associated with gliosis should be mainly monitored in MPTP mouse studies.
6. High drug dosage/mice weighing less than 22 g/mixing of drugs from different batches/mice not adapting in advance/animal room being too cold may result in a number of deaths. There is a higher death rate among female mice following acute MPTP administration. It is recommended that the number of animals in each group be increased, and adjust to the optimal dose according to experimental conditions.
Other markers: reduction of brain neurotransmitters (DA, DOPAC, 5-HT, HVA, etc.) (detected by HPLC);
Nigrostriatal microglia (IBA1+ cells) and astrocytes (GFAP+ cells) are activated, and the number of α-syn aggregates in the substantia nigra .
Frequently Asked Question (FAQ):
1. Which mouse strain should be used and how old are they?
Currently, male C57bl/6 mice are commonly used in the references. Mice should be at least 8 weeks old, and 8-12 weeks mice are commonly used. The optimal weight is 25-30 g. Experimental reproducibility is better in mice above 8 weeks of age, and older mice may be more sensitive; In the acute model validated by MCE, 12 weeks of age - 23.4 mg/kg had a better modeling effect than 12 weeks of age - 20 mg/kg, and than 7 weeks of age-25 mg/kg (TH IHC staining)
2. Which administration route should be used?
Although MPTP can be administered by a variety of different routes, including oral gavage and stereotaxic injection into the brain, the most common, and reproducible, results are obtained by systemic subcutaneous (s.c.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection.
3. How should I choose the dosage?
The commonly used protocols in the references are acute model (20 mg/kg, i.p., given every 2 hours within a day, a total of 4 times) and subacute model (30 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for 5 days).
4. What phenotypes in mice can I observe?
Generally speaking, We can observe whether the mice have symptoms such as reduced activity, staggering walking, twitching, fried hair, increased urination, etc. On acute dosing, this behavior may last for 24-48 hours, after which the mice behave basically normally. If the sub-acute dosing schedule is used, with the exception of piloerection, which is seen after the first dose, mice appear normal.
5. What markers can be detected to indicate the success of modeling?
1) Nigrostriatal injury: Tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra and striatum is reduced after successful modeling (IHC, IF, WB, etc.);
2) Other markers: reduction of brain neurotransmitters (DA, DOPAC, 5-HT, HVA, etc.) (detected by HPLC);
3) Nigrostriatal microglia (IBA1+ cells) and astrocytes (GFAP+ cells) are activated, and the number of α-syn aggregates in the substantia nigra increases; It has been reported that in the subacute model, 5 days after the last MPTP administration, the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta decreased and the TH content in the striatum decreased, but TH-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta began to recover 21 days after injection. In the acute model, the TH content gradually decreased after administration, and the loss of TH in the substantia nigra pars compacta was stable after 7 days.
Note:
1. MPTP is usually sold as MPTP hydrochloride. The molecular weight of MPTP hydrochloride is 209.7. Therefore, it is recommended to take into account the presence of hydrochloride (HCl) when preparing injectable solutions. HCl has a molecular weight of 35.4 and accounts for 17% of MPTP.
Thus, if a 20 mg/kg dose of MPTP is to be prepared, the MPTP hydrochloride dose administered is 20 mg kg* 1.17% = 23.4 mg/kg.
2. If multiple injections are given within 1 day, it is best to alternate the injections on both sides. If injected every day, it should be done at the same time. Before each injection, the mice need to be weighed and the dosage volume should be adjusted.
3. Modeling mice may not show behavioral defects of Parkinson's disease. Mice may show individual differences, and the success rate of modeling is generally difficult to reach 100%. Therefore nigrostriatal damage associated with gliosis should be mainly monitored in MPTP mouse studies.
4. High drug dosage/mice weighing less than 22 g/mixing of drugs from different batches/mice not adapting in advance/animal room being too cold may result in a number of deaths, and it is recommended that the number of animals in each group be increased.
5. It has been reported that in the subacute model, 5 days after the last MPTP administration, the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta decreased and the TH content in the striatum decreased, but TH-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta began to recover 21 days after injection. In the acute model, the TH content gradually decreased after administration, and the loss of TH in the substantia nigra pars compacta was stable after 7 days[5][9].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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No. CAS 23007-85-4
-
Appearance Solid
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Peso molecular 209.72
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Fòrmula C12H16ClN
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
CN1CC=C(C2=CC=CC=C2)CC1.[H]Cl
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Envío
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
-
Almacenamiento
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Publications (95)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
Oral berberine improves brain dopa/dopamine levels to ameliorate Parkinson's disease by regulating gut microbiota. [Abstract]2021 Feb 24;6(1):77. PMID: 33623004 -
J Nanobiotechnology
Umbilical cord blood-derived exosomes attenuate dopaminergic neuron damage of Parkinson's disease mouse model. [Abstract]2024 Sep 14;22(1):567. PMID: 39277761 -
Biomaterials
Nasal microenvironment self-responsive herbal hydrogel alleviates Parkinsonian pathology via the inhibition of α-synuclein liquid-liquid phase separation. [Abstract]2026 Jun 1:335:124350. PMID: 42247926 -
Carbohydr Polym
Oral efficacy of structurally defined chondroitin sulfate Co-administered with SNAC in Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2026 Jan 1:371:124492. PMID: 41198308 -
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Cell Death Dis
Inhibition of repulsive guidance molecule-a protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2021 Feb 15;12(2):181. PMID: 33589594 -
Cell Death Dis
Primary cilia mediate mitochondrial stress responses to promote dopamine neuron survival in a Parkinson's disease model. [Abstract]2019 Dec 16;10(12):952. PMID: 31844040 -
J Neuroinflammation
Nigrostriatal degeneration determines dynamics of glial inflammatory and phagocytic activity. [Abstract]2024 Apr 12;21(1):92. PMID: 38610019 -
Cell Death Discov
Mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated metabolic remodeling of TCA cycle promotes Parkinson's disease through inhibition of H3K4me3 demethylation. [Abstract]2025 Jul 29;11(1):351. PMID: 40730642 -
Cell Death Discov
Regulation of BDNF transcription by Nrf2 and MeCP2 ameliorates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. [Abstract]2022 May 20;8(1):267. PMID: 35595779 -
J Transl Med
Chronic sleep deprivation induces plasma exosome-derived miR-150-5p downregulation as a novel mechanism involved in Parkinson's disease progression by targeting DCLK1. [Abstract]2025 Jul 11;23(1):781. PMID: 40646516 -
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Endogenous ATP-powered nanomotors directing neural stem cell differentiation for Parkinson's disease treatment. [Abstract]2026 Mar 31;123(13):e2520119123. PMID: 41880568 -
Food Res Int
Ergothioneine exerts neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease: Targeting α-synuclein aggregation and oxidative stress. [Abstract]2025 Feb:201:115590. PMID: 39849723 -
Int J Biol Macromol
Ulva polysaccharide alleviates Parkinson's disease by regulating inflammation, oxidative damage, and gut microbiota. [Abstract]2025 Dec 28;339(Pt 1):149946. PMID: 41468939 -
Neural Regen Res
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles promote mitochondrial repair of dopaminergic neurons via Homer protein homolog 3 in Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2026 Jun 20. PMID: 42322649 -
Int J Mol Med
Ceftriaxone affects ferroptosis and alleviates glial cell activation in Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2025 Jun;55(6):85. PMID: 40183389 -
Antioxidants (Basel)
Astrocytic Nrf2 Mediates the Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nootkatone in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. [Abstract]2023 Nov 13;12(11):1999. PMID: 38001852 -
Chin Med
Biomimetic nanodelivery system with simultaneous blood-brain barrier-crossing and neuroprotective abilities for anti-parkinsonian therapy. [Abstract]2025 Nov 8;20(1):185. PMID: 41204267 -
Cell Mol Neurobiol
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inhibition Promotes Mitophagy via Miro1 Reduction to Rescue Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Protect Dopamine Neurons in Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2025 May 29;45(1):53. PMID: 40439946 -
Neurotherapeutics
Fibrinogen degradation products exacerbate alpha-synuclein aggregation by inhibiting autophagy via downregulation of Beclin1 in multiple system atrophy. [Abstract]2025 Mar;22(2):e00538. PMID: 39904669 -
J Med Chem
2023 Sep 14;66(17):12614-12628. PMID: 37652467 -
Redox Rep
Uric acid alleviates the inflammatory response in LPS-induced BV2 cells and MPTP-induced PD mice by resisting ferroptosis through the Nrf2 signalling pathway. [Abstract]2026 Dec 31;31(1):2668238. PMID: 42241031 -
Pharmaceutics
Efficient Sustained-Release Nanoparticle Delivery System Protects Nigral Neurons in a Toxin Model of Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2022 Aug 18;14(8):1731. PMID: 36015354 -
Neurosci Bull
Agomelatine Targets Aquaporin-4 Polarization to Rescue Glymphatic Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2025 Nov 18. PMID: 41251938 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Mechanistic study of the anti-excitatory amino acid toxicity of Bushen Zhichan decoction for Parkinson's disease based on the transcriptional regulation of EAAT1 by YY1. [Abstract]2024 May 10:325:117857. PMID: 38350506 -
Talanta
In situ imaging study of targeted iron and metabolically related molecules in tumors and brain tissues using MALDI-MS imaging. [Abstract]2025 Dec 1:295:128302. PMID: 40381418 -
J Agric Food Chem
Orally Administered Bacillus licheniformis F0726 Attenuates MPTP/P-Induced Neurodegeneration by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Suppressing Inflammatory Responses. [Abstract]2025 Dec 17;73(50):32013-32025. PMID: 41348525 -
Eur J Med Chem
Design, synthesis, and SAR study of novel flavone 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives with anti-inflammatory activities for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2023 Jul 5:255:115417. PMID: 37137246 -
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CNS Neurosci Ther
Upregulated PKM2 Protects Dopaminergic Neurons From Oxidative Damage Through Nrf2 Transactivation in an MPTP-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2026 Jun;32(6):e70968. PMID: 42226456 -
CNS Neurosci Ther
GSDMD-Deficient G-MDSCs Exert Profoundly Suppressive Activity to Relieve MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2025 Oct;31(10):e70626. PMID: 41084350 -
CNS Neurosci Ther
ErbB2pY -1248 as a predictive biomarker for Parkinson's disease based on research with RPPA technology and in vivo verification. [Abstract]2024 Feb;30(2):e14407. PMID: 37564024 -
Int J Pharm
Highly stabilized nanocrystals delivering Ginkgolide B in protecting against the Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2020 Mar 15:577:119053. PMID: 31981707 -
Nutrients
Neuroprotective Effects of Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1067 in MPTP-Induced Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2022 Nov 4;14(21):4678. PMID: 36364939 -
Int J Mol Sci
Identification of Key Active Constituents in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Leaves Against Parkinson's Disease and the Alleviative Effects via 4E-BP1 Up-Regulation. [Abstract]2025 Mar 19;26(6):2762. PMID: 40141407 -
Int J Mol Sci
Malvidin-3-O-Glucoside Mitigates α-Syn and MPTP Co-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Human Microglial HMC3 Cells. [Abstract]2024 Nov 27;25(23):12733. PMID: 39684444 -
Mol Neurobiol
Deletion of ZNRF2 Exacerbates MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease by Activating mTOR-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Pathways. [Abstract]2025 May 22. PMID: 40402410 -
Mol Neurobiol
Inhibition of tRF- 02514 in Extracellular Vesicles Preserves Microglia Pyroptosis and Protects Against Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2025 Apr 21. PMID: 40254704 -
J Nutr Biochem
Gut microbiota regulation by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SG5 enhances mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease mice via the GLP-1/PGC-1α pathway. [Abstract]2025 Sep:143:109954. PMID: 40368220 -
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Front Aging Neurosci
2023 Jan 25:15:1087823. PMID: 36761179 -
Toxicol Sci
NF-κB Signaling in Astrocytes Modulates Brain Inflammation and Neuronal Injury Following Sequential Exposure to Manganese and MPTP During Development and Aging. [Abstract]2020 Oct 1;177(2):506-520. PMID: 32692843 -
Molecules
Alterations in Phospholipid Levels and Spatial Distribution in the Motor Cortex and Their Correlation with Motor Performance in an MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Mouse Model. [Abstract]2026 Apr 2;31(7):1175. PMID: 41976216 -
Sci Rep
Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of nutriosomes and grape pomace phytochemicals in a cell model of oxidative stress and mouse model of Parkinson disease. [Abstract]2025 Apr 8;15(1):11947. PMID: 40199915 -
Sci Rep
Distinct expression of NEAT1 isoforms in Parkinson's disease models suggests different roles of the variants during the disease course. [Abstract]2025 Apr 15;15(1):13027. PMID: 40234480 -
Sci Rep
Icaritin alleviates motor impairment and osteoporosis in Parkinson's disease mice via the ER-PI3K/Akt pathway. [Abstract]2025 Jan 25;15(1):3190. PMID: 39863664 -
Bioelectrochemistry
Validation of an in vivo electrochemical immunosensing platform for simultaneous detection of multiple cytokines in Parkinson's disease mice model. [Abstract]2020 Aug:134:107532. PMID: 32305864 -
Exp Neurol
Early α-synuclein/synapsin III co-accumulation, nigrostriatal dopaminergic synaptopathy and denervation in the MPTPp mouse model of Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2025 Jan:383:115040. PMID: 39500391 -
Exp Neurol
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SG5 inhibits neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced PD mice through GLP-1/PGC-1α pathway. [Abstract]2025 Jan:383:115001. PMID: 39406307 -
Exp Neurol
Extract from Nasco pomace loaded in nutriosomes exerts anti-inflammatory effects in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2024 Dec:382:114958. PMID: 39303846 -
Neuropharmacology
Novel mechanism of hypidone hydrochloride (YL-0919) in Parkinson's disease: inhibiting neuronal ferroptosis by targeting the Sigma1R-PI3K-AKT-ACSL4 axis. [Abstract]2026 Jul 1:292:110950. PMID: 41887568 -
Neuropharmacology
Tetramethylpyrazine mitigates ER-stress-driven ATF4/CHOP apoptosis to protect dopaminergic neurons in cellular and MPTP models of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2026 Jun 1:290:110899. PMID: 41771400 -
ACS Chem Neurosci
Comprehensive Analysis of Autophagy-Related Gene Profiles and Immune Characteristics in Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2026 Jan 21;17(2):367-381. PMID: 41505625 -
Brain Res Bull
Esketamine relieves depressive-like behaviors in MPTP-induced Parkinson disease mice via GPR109A-dependent reduction of neuroinflammation. [Abstract]2025 Nov:232:111595. PMID: 41135741 -
ACS Chem Neurosci
Corilagin Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis and Ferroptosis of Parkinson's Disease through Regulating the TLR4/Src/NOX2 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]2025 Mar 5;16(5):968-980. PMID: 39950827 -
Brain Res Bull
ICAM-1 may promote the loss of dopaminergic neurons by regulating inflammation in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mouse models. [Abstract]2024 Aug:214:110989. PMID: 38825252 -
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
Regulation of short-term declarative memory by selective activation of the locus coeruleus-retrosplenial cortex dopaminergic pathway and its pathological alterations in Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2026 Apr 2:146:111680. PMID: 41903579 -
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol
Icaritin ameliorates MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. [Abstract]2026 Mar 7. PMID: 41792452 -
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Neurotox Res
Glimepiride Prevents 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Induced Dopamine Neurons Degeneration Through Attenuation of Glia Activation and Oxidative Stress in Mice. [Abstract]2023 Jun;41(3):212-223. PMID: 36705862 -
Neurotox Res
2020 Jun;38(1):27-37. PMID: 32198706 -
J Integr Neurosci
Lutein Attenuates Parkinson's Disease Progression by Regulating Mitochondrial Function via the TRIM31/Drp1 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]2026 Jan 23;25(1):45758. PMID: 41609041 -
J Integr Neurosci
Telmisartan Protects Mitochondrial Function, Gait, and Neuronal Apoptosis by Activating the Akt/GSK3β/PGC1α Pathway in an MPTP-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2024 Feb 4;23(2):29. PMID: 38419447 -
Psychopharmacology
18β-glycyrrhetinic acid ameliorates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice through activation of microglial anti-inflammatory phenotype. [Abstract]2023 Sep;240(9):1947-1961. PMID: 37436491 -
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Brain Res
Ghrelin protects dopaminergic neurons against MPTP neurotoxicity through promoting autophagy and inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum mediated apoptosis. [Abstract]2020 Nov 1:1746:147023. PMID: 32710901 -
Brain Res
Apelin-36 mediates neuroprotective effects by regulating oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice. [Abstract]2020 Jan 1:1726:146493. PMID: 31586624 -
Brain Res
Apelin-36 mitigates MPTP/MPP+-induced neurotoxicity: Involvement of α-synuclein and endoplasmic reticulum stress. [Abstract]2019 Oct 15:1721:146334. PMID: 31306618 -
Brain Res
Apelin-13 protects dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice through inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and promoting autophagy. [Abstract]2019 Jul 15:1715:203-212. PMID: 30914252
MPTP hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Brain Res. 2019 Jul 15:1715:203-212. [Abstract]
Immunofluorescence for TH. The intranigral Apelin-13 injection significantly inhibits MPTP-induced the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc.
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Brain Res
2016 Jul 1:1642:546-552. PMID: 27117867
MPTP hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Brain Res. 2016 Jul 1:1642:546-552. [Abstract]
RNA 5hmC decreases in a MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model. MPTP (i.p. 60 mg/kg) is injected to induce Parkinson's disease model in mice. At 24 h after last MPTP injection, open field test is performed. After behavioral tests, the hippocampus (Hipo), the substantia nigra (SN), the striatum (Str), and the cortex (Ctx) are collected and total RNA is extracted. Total 100 ng RNA is used for dot blot analysis to detect 5hmC abundance in RNA samples from different brain regions. Methylene bl
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J Neuroimmunol
The TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway is involved in levofloxacin-induced alleviation of neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2026 May 14:418:578968. PMID: 42139980 -
3 Biotech
Neuroprotective effects of DPP-4 inhibitors sitagliptin and vildagliptin in Parkinson's disease via autophagy modulation. [Abstract]2026 Apr;16(4):146. PMID: 41853215 -
Fitoterapia
New sesquiterpenoids with neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo from the Picrasma chinensis. [Abstract]2024 Jun:175:105908. PMID: 38479621 -
IBRO Neurosci Rep
Selenium reduces nociceptive response in acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. [Abstract]2021 Nov 27:12:1-11. PMID: 34927129 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Bruceine D elevates Nrf2 activation to restrain Parkinson's disease in mice through suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory response. [Abstract]2020 Jun 11;526(4):1013-1020. PMID: 32321640 -
Pharmacol Biochem Behav
Therapeutic activation of autophagy by combined treatment with rapamycin and trehalose in a mouse MPTP-induced model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2019 Feb:177:1-11. PMID: 30582934
MPTP hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2019 Feb:177:1-11. [Abstract]
Effect of treatment with Rapamycin, trehalose, or their combination on autophagy activity measured by quantified immunoreactivity of LC3-II in the s. nigra. MPTP is administered at the dose of 20 mg/kg (i.p., daily) for 4 days to induce PD-like pathology.
MPTP hydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2019 Feb:177:1-11. [Abstract]
Effect of treatment with Rapamycin, trehalose, or their combination on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the striatum in MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson’s disease.
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Cytotechnology
SERPINA1 activation by RUNX1 drives microglial M2 polarization and reduces neuronal injury in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. [Abstract]2026 Feb;78(1):12. PMID: 41383367 -
Neurosci Lett
Inhibition of calcium-sensing receptor by its antagonist protects dopaminergic neurons from MPTP/MPP+-induced neurotoxicity via regulating mitochondrial function, autophagy, and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. [Abstract]2025 Oct 14:865:138351. PMID: 40789434 -
Neurosci Lett
Ursodeoxycholic acid protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress via regulating mitochondrial function, autophagy, and apoptosis in MPTP/MPP+-induced Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2021 Jan 10:741:135493. PMID: 33181233 -
Nephrology (Carlton)
Nur77 Promotes Inflammation in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Through Transactivation of SERPINA3 Mediating Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. [Abstract]2025 Feb;30(2):e70006. PMID: 39957271 -
J Vis Exp
Neuroprotective Effects of Intranasally Administered Octadecaneuropeptide Analog in a Mouse Model of MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2025 Aug 29:(222). PMID: 40952970 -
Clin Neuropharmacol
Protective Effects of Ursodeoxycholic Acid Against Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Pathway in MPTP-Induced Parkinson Disease. [Abstract]2022 Nov-Dec;45(6):168-174. PMID: 36383915 -
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Heliyon
SHANK2-AS3: A potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease and its role in neuronal apoptosis via NF-κB signaling in SH-SY5Y cells. [Abstract]2024 Oct 1;10(21):e38822. PMID: 39553632 -
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bioRxiv
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity. [Abstract]2023 Jun 26:2023.06.26.546143. PMID: 37425736 -
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Heliyon
The assessment of possible gender-related effect of endogenous striatal alpha-tocopherol level on MPTP neurotoxicity in mice. [Abstract]2020 Jul 11;6(7):e04425. PMID: 32685739 -
Solvente y solubilidad
In Vitro:
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (476.83 mM)
DMSO : 12 mg/mL (57.22 mM; Need ultrasonic and warming; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (7.96 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (16.7 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (7.96 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (16.7 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: ≥ 100 mg/mL (476.83 mM); Clear solution
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Protocolo
Animal Administration[3]
For the preparation of the LPS rat model and the MPTP mouse model, the treatments of the animals are performed. Briefly, adult rats receive unilateral injections of LPS (0.5 μL of 10 μg/μL diluted in 0.9% saline) into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) at the following coordinates, AP-4.2 mm, L 1.5 mm, and V 7.8 mm, and into the contralateral side with the same volume of 0.9% saline. Adult mice are administered intraperitoneal injections of MPTP of 25 mg/kg per day for five continuous days, and the same volume of saline is injected as a control. All the animals are sacrificed at week 1, 2, 3, or 4 after the LPS or MPTP injections. The brain samples are collected for the subsequent immunohistochemistry and western blot experiments.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Pureza y Documentación
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Ficha de datos (292 KB)
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SDS (481 KB)
- English - EN (481 KB)
- Français - FR (481 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (481 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (481 KB)
- Español - ES (481 KB)
- Swedish - SV (481 KB)
- Italian - IT (481 KB)
- Korean - KR (481 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (481 KB)
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Instrucciones de manejo (2659 KB)
Referencias
[1]. Langston J W, Irwin I. MPTP Neurotoxicity: An Overview and Characterization of Phases of Toxicity. II. Selective Accumulation of MPP in the Substantia Nigra: A Key to Neurotoxicity (Question). Life Sci., 1985, 36, No. 3, 201-12. [Content Brief]
[2]. Hsu K S, et al. Potentiation of MPTP by 4-Phenylpyridine on the Neuromuscular Blockade in Mouse Phrenic Nerve-Diaphragm. Neuropharmacology, 1993, 32, No. 9, 877-83. [Content Brief]
[3]. Sun XL, et al. Gas1 up-regulation is inducible and contributes to cell apoptosis in reactive astrocytes in the substantia nigra of LPS and MPTP models. J Neuroinflammation. 2016 Jul 8;13(1):180. [Content Brief]
[4]. Jackson-Lewis V, Przedborski S. Protocol for the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Nat Protoc. 2007;2(1):141-51. [Content Brief]
[5]. Rabaneda-Lombarte N, et al. The CD200R1 microglial inhibitory receptor as a therapeutic target in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2021 Apr 6;18(1):88. [Content Brief]
[6]. Lee, et al. MPTP-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia plays a central role in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Cell Death Differ. 2019 Jan;26(2):213-228. [Content Brief]
[7]. Zhang QS, et al. Reassessment of subacute MPTP-treated mice as animal model of Parkinson's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2017 Oct;38(10):1317-1328. [Content Brief]
[8]. Hammock BD, et al., A sheep model for MPTP induced Parkinson-like symptoms. Life Sci. 1989;45(17):1601-8. [Content Brief]
[9]. Ren J, et al. Time association study on a sub-acute mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Heliyon. 2024 Jul 4;10(13):e34082. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO / H2O | 1 mM | 4.7683 mL | 23.8413 mL | 47.6826 mL | 119.2066 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9537 mL | 4.7683 mL | 9.5365 mL | 23.8413 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4768 mL | 2.3841 mL | 4.7683 mL | 11.9207 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3179 mL | 1.5894 mL | 3.1788 mL | 7.9471 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2384 mL | 1.1921 mL | 2.3841 mL | 5.9603 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1907 mL | 0.9537 mL | 1.9073 mL | 4.7683 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1589 mL | 0.7947 mL | 1.5894 mL | 3.9736 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1192 mL | 0.5960 mL | 1.1921 mL | 2.9802 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0954 mL | 0.4768 mL | 0.9537 mL | 2.3841 mL | |
| H2O | 60 mM | 0.0795 mL | 0.3974 mL | 0.7947 mL | 1.9868 mL |
| 80 mM | 0.0596 mL | 0.2980 mL | 0.5960 mL | 1.4901 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0477 mL | 0.2384 mL | 0.4768 mL | 1.1921 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
MPTP hydrochloride Related Classifications
HY-15608 Related Classifications
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