Cat. No.: HY-160906

Glutathione trisulfide

Name: Glutathione trisulfide
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-160906
Availability: PreOrder

(Synonyms: GSSSG)

Glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable neuroprotective agent. Glutathione trisulfide inactivates intracellular tyrosinase, regulates the expression of Cars2, Cbs, MITF and TYR, inhibits α-MSH (HY-P0252)-induced melanogenesis, and restores intracellular persulfide levels reduced by α-MSH. Glutathione trisulfide scavenges free radicals, quenches ROS, reduces Paclitaxel (HY-B0015)-induced superoxide production, upregulates the expression of antioxidant protein genes, and inhibits oxidative stress-induced cell death. Glutathione trisulfide promotes ERK1/2 activation, prevents NF-κB p65 activation, inhibits TAK1 phosphorylation, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and blocks microglial activation. Glutathione trisulfide can be used in research related to dry age-related macular degeneration, inflammation-associated eye diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No.: 32607-79-7
Formula: C₂₀H₃₂N₆O₁₂S₃
Molecular Weight:644.69

Storage:

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Data Sheet (288 KB)

Glutathione trisulfide Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 32607-79-7

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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Purity & Documentation
References
Calculators
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

IL-6

IL-1β

Cars2

Cbs

MITF

TYR

ERK1

ERK2

NF-κB

p65

TAK1

All Interleukin Related Isoforms :

All ERK Isoforms :

All NF-κB Isoforms :

In Vitro

Glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG) (25-100 μM; 30 min pretreatment, 24 h α-MSH (HY-P0252) incubation) is non-cytotoxic to B16-F0 cells at 25 μM and 50 μM following 30 min pretreatment and 24 h α-MSH incubation, while 100 μM causes a modest non-significant viability reduction^[1].
Glutathione trisulfide (25-50 μM; 30 min pretreatment, 24 h α-MSH incubation) potently suppresses α-MSH-induced melanin production in B16-F0 cells^[1].
Glutathione trisulfide (25-50 μM; 30 min pretreatment, 24 h α-MSH incubation) dose-dependently downregulates Mitf and TYR gene expression in α-MSH-induced B16-F0 cells^[1].
Glutathione trisulfide (25-50 μM; 30 min pretreatment, 24 h α-MSH incubation) significantly upregulates Cars2 and Cbs gene expression in α-MSH-induced B16-F0 cells^[1].
Glutathione trisulfide (25-50 μM; 30 min pretreatment, 24 h α-MSH incubation) significantly restores α-MSH-reduced intracellular persulphide levels in B16-F0 cells^[1].
Glutathione trisulfide (50 μM; 30 min pretreatment, 24 h α-MSH incubation) significantly inactivates intracellular tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-induced B16-F0 cells^[1].
Glutathione trisulfide (0.1-100 μM; 24 h) protects SH-SY5Y cells from MPP⁺-induced cell death^[3].
Glutathione trisulfide (0.1-2 mM; 30 min) exhibits dose-dependent antioxidant radical-scavenging activity in a cell-free DPPH assay, with up to 65% scavenging activity at 2 mM^[1].
Glutathione trisulfide (10-30 μM; 30 minutes) attenuates Paclitaxel-induced superoxide production in cultured murine primary cortical neurons^[5].
Glutathione trisulfide (25-200 µM; 6 h) is non-toxic to mouse primary Müller cells and BV-2 microglial cells at concentrations up to 100 µM, while 200 µM reduces Müller cell viability^[2].
Glutathione trisulfide (25-200 µM; 1 h pre-incubation, 6 h or 24 h LPS stimulation) dose-dependently inhibits LPS-induced upregulation of IL-6 and Ccl2 mRNA expression and protein secretion in mouse primary Müller cells, with significant effects at concentrations of 100 and 200 µM^[2].
Glutathione trisulfide (200 µM; 1 h pre-incubation, 30 or 60 min LPS stimulation) inhibits LPS-induced phosphorylation of TAK1 (Ser412) in mouse BV-2 microglial cells at 30 and 60 minutes post-LPS stimulation^[2].
Glutathione trisulfide (25-200 µM; 1 h pre-incubation, 6 h or 24 h LPS stimulation) dose-dependently inhibits LPS-induced upregulation of TNF-α, Ccl2, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA expression, as well as TNF-α, Ccl2, and IL-6 protein secretion in mouse BV-2 microglial cells, with significant effects starting at 25 µM for some targets^[2].
Glutathione trisulfide (500 nM; 1 hour) prevents Paclitaxel (HY-B0015)-induced axonal degeneration and mitochondrial fragmentation in cultured murine primary DRG neurons by restoring axonal elongation and preserving axonal mitochondrial integrity^[5].
Glutathione trisulfide (10 μM; 24 hours) does not alter the anti-tumor cytotoxic effect of 2 μM Paclitaxel on human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay^[1]

Cell Line:

B16-F0 murine melanoma cells
Concentration:

25 μM; 50 μM; 100 μM
Incubation Time:

30 min (pretreatment); 24 h (α-MSH incubation)
Result:

Caused no reduction in B16-F0 cell viability at 25 μM and 50 μM.
Caused a modest, non-statistically significant reduction in cell viability at 100 μM.

Real Time qPCR^[1]

Cell Line:

α-MSH-induced B16-F0 murine melanoma cells
Concentration:

25 μM; 50 μM
Incubation Time:

30 min (pretreatment); 24 h (α-MSH incubation)
Result:

Downregulated the expression of melanogenesis-related genes Mitf and TYR in a dose-dependent manner.
Induced statistically significant reductions in Mitf and TYR expression at 25 μM and 50 μM relative to α-MSH-only treated cells.\nSignificantly upregulated the expression of persulphide synthesis-related genes Cars2 and Cbs in α-MSH-treated cells.
Induced statistically significant increases in Cars2 and Cbs expression at both 25 μM and 50 μM concentrations.

Real Time qPCR^[2]

Cell Line:

mouse BV-2 microglial cells
Concentration:

25-200 µM
Incubation Time:

1 h pre-incubation; 6 h LPS stimulation (mRNA); 1 h pre-incubation; 6 h or 24 h LPS stimulation (protein)
Result:

Significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α mRNA expression at 50, 100, and 200 µM.
Significantly inhibited LPS-induced Ccl2 mRNA expression at 200 µM.
Significantly inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 mRNA expression at 50, 100, and 200 µM.
Significantly inhibited LPS-induced IL-1β mRNA expression at 25, 50, 100, and 200 µM.
Significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α secretion at 200 µM.
Significantly inhibited LPS-induced Ccl2 secretion at 200 µM.

Western Blot Analysis^[2]

Cell Line:

mouse BV-2 microglial cells
Concentration:

200 µM
Incubation Time:

1 h pre-incubation; 30 or 60 min LPS stimulation
Result:

Significantly inhibited LPS-induced TAK1 phosphorylation (Ser412) at 30 minutes post-stimulation.
Significantly inhibited LPS-induced TAK1 phosphorylation (Ser412) at 60 minutes post-stimulation.

Cell Viability Assay^[3]

Cell Line:

human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells
Concentration:

0.1-100 μM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Significantly increased cell viability relative to MPP+-treated cells at all tested concentrations.

Cell Viability Assay^[5]

Cell Line:

human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells
Concentration:

10 μM
Incubation Time:

24 hours
Result:

Resulted in 48.3% viable cells, compared to 44.9% viable cells with Paclitaxel alone.
Showed no significant difference from Paclitaxel-only group via statistical equivalence testing (10% margin), with a mean difference of 0.034 and 90% confidence interval of -0.280 to 0.357.

In Vivo

Glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG) (15-60 nmol/eye; intravitreal; single co-administration with LPS) exerts dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced rat retinal inflammation, with 60 nmol/eye significantly reducing proinflammatory cytokine mRNA upregulation and microglial accumulation^[2].
Glutathione trisulfide (200 mg/kg; i.p.; daily; 4 days) prevents post-ischemic spinal cord injury-induced paraplegia in mice, while maintaining a 100% survival rate^[3].
Glutathione trisulfide (50 mg/kg/day; oral gavage; daily; 28 days) ameliorates Paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia in male C57BL/6J mice by preserving unmyelinated axon integrity, reducing mitochondrial swelling, and upregulating antioxidant signaling in peripheral sensory neurons^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

Wistar rats (8-10 weeks old)^[2]
Dosage:

15 nmol/eye; 60 nmol/eye
Administration:

intravitreal; single co-administration with LPS
Result:

Significantly decreased LPS-induced upregulation of IL-6 mRNA in rat retinas at 15 nmol/eye dose, but did not significantly affect IL-1β or Ccl2 mRNA upregulation.
Significantly attenuated LPS-induced upregulation of IL-6, IL-1β, and Ccl2 mRNA in rat retinas at 60 nmol/eye dose.
Significantly reduced LPS-induced accumulation of Iba1-immunopositive microglia in rat retinas at 60 nmol/eye dose, lowering density from ~900 cells/mm² (LPS alone) to ~700 cells/mm².
Did not affect baseline microglial density when administered alone.

Animal Model:

unspecified strain^[3]
Dosage:

200 mg/kg
Administration:

i.p.; daily; 4 days
Result:

Maintained BMS scores >6 in all 4 treated mice at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-SCI, with 0/4 developing paraplegia.
Achieved a 100% survival rate (4/4 mice) at 72 hours post-SCI.

Animal Model:

C57BL/6J (male, 6-7 weeks old, Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy)^[5]
Dosage:

50 mg/kg/day (behavioral/histological studies); 50 mg/kg (tissue distribution studies); 50 mg/kg (gene expression studies)
Administration:

oral gavage; daily; 28 days (behavioral/histological studies); oral gavage; single dose (tissue distribution studies); oral gavage; single dose (gene expression studies)
Result:

Ameliorated Paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia over 28 days, but did not alter thermal hyperalgesia.
Prevented Paclitaxel-induced loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers at 4 weeks.
Increased the ratio of unmyelinated axons in sciatic nerves compared to Paclitaxel-only mice; did not affect myelinated axon count or myelin thickness (G-ratio).
Reduced Paclitaxel-induced mitochondrial swelling in unmyelinated sciatic nerve axons, with a median mitochondrial cross-sectional area of 0.041 μm².
Detected 34S-labeled form 2 hours after oral administration at concentrations of 415 pmol/mg protein in lumbar DRG, 518 pmol/mg protein in lumbar spinal cord, 142 pmol/mg protein in brain, 158 pmol/mg protein in liver, and 58 pmol/mL in plasma; 34S-labeled reactive sulfur species (GSSH, CysSSH, CysSSSCys) were >10-fold higher than endogenous 32S-containing counterparts in all tissues.
Upregulated mRNA expression of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant genes in lumbar DRG 2 hours after co-administration with Paclitaxel.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 32607-79-7
Molecular Weight 644.69
Formula C₂₀H₃₂N₆O₁₂S₃
SMILES

[C@@H](NC(CC[C@@H](C(O)=O)N)=O)(C(NCC(O)=O)=O)CSSSC[C@H](NC(CC[C@@H](C(O)=O)N)=O)C(NCC(O)=O)=O
Synonyms

GSSSG
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (288 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Uchida Y, et al. Glutathione Trisulphide Improves Skin Brightness with Anti‑Melanogenesis Effects and Maintains Intracellular Persulphide Levels. Cosmetics. 2025 Oct 21;12(5):234.

[2]. Tawarayama H, et al. Glutathione trisulfide prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal inflammation via inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production in glial cells. Scientific reports. 2023 Jul 17;13(1):11513.

[3]. Ichinose F, et al. Glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG) in neuroprotection. WO2021231476 A1. 2021 Nov 18.

[4]. Brown EM, et al. Stabilities of Three Key Biological Trisulfides with Implications for Their Roles in the Release of Hydrogen Sulfide and Bioaccumulation of Sulfane Sulfur. ACS omega. 2022 Apr 05;7(13):11440-11451.

[5]. Ezaka M, et al. Oral Administration of Glutathione Trisulfide Increases Reactive Sulfur Levels in Dorsal Root Ganglion and Ameliorates Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2022 Oct 27;11(11):2122.

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How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

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Glutathione trisulfide

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