Pectolinarigenin is an orally active dual inhibitor of COX-2/5-LOX with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor and neuroprotective activities. Pectolinarigenin exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on astrocyte inflammation via the NFκB and MAPK pathways. Pectolinarigenin inhibits LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, N-FκB and p38MAPK, directly inhibits the enzymatic activity or binding of COX-2, 5-LOX and HIF-1α, and reduces the level of XIAP. Pectolinarigenin modifies Keap1 to promote nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, induces ARE-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression, and possesses direct free radical scavenging activity. Pectolinarigenin reduces the release of NO, proinflammatory mediators and leukotrienes, and increases the level of IL-10. Pectolinarigenin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest, apoptosis (Apoptosis) and autophagy (Autophagy) via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Pectolinarigenin reduces renal crystal deposition and inhibits melanin synthesis. Pectolinarigenin inhibits inflammation and alleviates allergy in mouse models of inflammation. Pectolinarigenin alleviates renal injury, inflammation and oxidative stress in mice by inhibiting HIF-1α activity. Pectolinarigenin can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory/allergic diseases, calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis, gastric cancer, melasma, post-inflammatory diseases and chloasma.
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Protein levels and relative quantification analysis of Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and cleaved caspase-3 in liver tissue treated with Pectolinarigenin (Pec) (10 mg/kg, i.p.).
Pectolinarigenin is an orally active dual inhibitor of COX-2/5-LOX with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor and neuroprotective activities. Pectolinarigenin exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on astrocyte inflammation via the NFκB and MAPK pathways. Pectolinarigenin inhibits LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, N-FκB and p38MAPK, directly inhibits the enzymatic activity or binding of COX-2, 5-LOX and HIF-1α, and reduces the level of XIAP. Pectolinarigenin modifies Keap1 to promote nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, induces ARE-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression, and possesses direct free radical scavenging activity. Pectolinarigenin reduces the release of NO, proinflammatory mediators and leukotrienes, and increases the level of IL-10. Pectolinarigenin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest, apoptosis (Apoptosis) and autophagy (Autophagy) via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Pectolinarigenin reduces renal crystal deposition and inhibits melanin synthesis. Pectolinarigenin inhibits inflammation and alleviates allergy in mouse models of inflammation. Pectolinarigenin alleviates renal injury, inflammation and oxidative stress in mice by inhibiting HIF-1α activity. Pectolinarigenin can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory/allergic diseases, calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis, gastric cancer, melasma, post-inflammatory diseases and chloasma[1][2][3][4][5][6].
Inhibition of N-terminal GST-His-tagged c-KIT (544 to 976 amino acids) D816V mutant (unknown origin) expressed in Sf9 insect cells using poly[Glu:Tyr] (4:1) as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by [33P-gamma]ATP addition and subsequent inhibitio
Inhibition of N-terminal GST-His-tagged c-KIT (544 to 976 amino acids) D816V mutant (unknown origin) expressed in Sf9 insect cells using poly[Glu:Tyr] (4:1) as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by [33P-gamma]ATP addition and subsequent inhibitio
Pectolinarigenin (5-160 μM; 24 h) reduces the viability of J774A.1 murine macrophages at the concentration of 160 μM, and inhibits LPS (HY-D1056)-induced NO release in J774A.1 murine macrophages[1]. Pectolinarigenin (1-5 μM; 1 h pre-incubation plus 24 h incubation) inhibits LPS-induced activation of primary mouse cortical astrocytes, suppresses the release of IL-1β and IL-6 in cells, elevates basal IL-10 levels, and restores IL-10 levels reduced by lipopolysaccharide[1]. Pectolinarigenin (5 μM; 1 h pre-incubation followed by 0.5-1 h incubation) inhibits the activation of NF-κB, ERK1/2 and p38MAPK in lipopolysaccharide-induced primary mouse cortical astrocytes[1]. Pectolinarigenin (1-50 μM; 24 h, 15 min) inhibits COX-2-mediated PGE2 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with an inhibition rate of 99.0% at 50 μM for 24 h, and directly inhibits the enzymatic activity of COX-2 (with an inhibition rate of 44.8% at 50 μM for 15 min)[2]. Pectolinarigenin (1-50 μM; 10 min pre-incubation + 15 min A23187 (HY-N6687) incubation) dose-dependently inhibits 5-LOX-mediated cysteinyl leukotriene production in A23187-stimulated RBL-1 cells, with an inhibition rate of 97.0% at the concentration of 50 μM (10 min pre-incubation + 15 min A23187 incubation)[2]. Pectolinarigenin (0.1-10 μM; 24 h) significantly inhibits AAPH (HY-Y0525)-induced Nrf2 pathway-dependent ROS accumulation in HepG2 cells[3]. Pectolinarigenin (0.1-10 μM; 24 h) induces the expression of antioxidant enzymes in HepG2 cells: it upregulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1, while the 10 μM concentration upregulates the expression of NAD (P) H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10[3]. Pectolinarigenin (0.1-10 μM; 3-24 h) significantly promotes the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and enhances ARE-mediated transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells[3]. Pectolinarigenin (2-8 μM; 12 h pretreatment followed by COM stimulation) concentration-dependently inhibits the COM-induced upregulation of KIM-1 mRNA and protein expression in HK-2 cells, and suppresses cellular inflammatory responses[4]. Pectolinarigenin (8 μM; 12 h pretreatment followed by COM stimulation) alleviates COM-induced oxidative stress injury in HK-2 cells by restoring the levels of antioxidant markers (GSH, HO-1, GPX4) and reducing the levels of pro-oxidant markers (MDA, iron, ROS)[4]. Pectolinarigenin (8 μM; 12 h incubation) inhibits HIF-1α activity in HK-2 cells[4]. Pectolinarigenin (8 μM; 12 h pretreatment followed by COM stimulation) alleviates COM-induced renal injury, inflammation and oxidative stress in HK-2 cells in vitro in a HIF-1α-dependent manner, as its protective effects are abolished when HIF-1α is knocked down[4]. Pectolinarigenin (25-150 μM; 24 h) dose-dependently inhibits the viability of AGS and MKN28 human gastric cancer cells, with IC50 values of 124.79 μM and 96.88 μM, respectively[5]. Pectolinarigenin (50-100 μM; 24 h) induces G2/M cell cycle arrest in human gastric cancer cell lines AGS and MKN28, accompanied by sub-G1 phase cell accumulation (indicating apoptosis) in AGS cells. Its mechanism of action involves downregulating the protein expression levels of CDK1 and CDC25C, and upregulating the mRNA expression levels of p53 and p21[5]. Pectolinarigenin (50-100 μM; 24 h) induces dose-dependent apoptosis in human gastric cancer cell lines AGS and MKN28 by downregulating XIAP and activating the caspase-PARP apoptotic pathway[5]. Pectolinarigenin (50-100 μM; 24 h) induces Beclin-1-independent autophagy in human gastric cancer cell lines AGS and MKN28[5]. Pectolinarigenin (50-100 μM; 24 h) dose-dependently inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in human gastric cancer cell lines AGS and MKN28, thereby reducing the phosphorylation levels of downstream pathway targets p70S6K, 4EBP1 and eIF4E[5]. Pectolinarigenin (30 μM; 72 h) significantly reduces melanin content and tyrosinase activity in melan-a cells, decreases the protein expression levels of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and MITF, and lowers the mRNA expression levels of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and MITF in the cells[6]. Pectolinarigenin (30 μM; 2 days) significantly reduces the melanin content in a recombinant human skin model to 20.8% of that in the control group, and decreases the L-DOPA content[6].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Significantly increased protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 at all tested concentrations. Significantly increased protein expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 at 10 μM.
Inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner in both cell lines. Reached IC50 values of 124.79 μM for AGS cells and 96.88 μM for MKN28 cells after 24 h of treatment. Caused massive cell rounding, shrinkage, and detachment from culture plates at 50 and 100 μM after 24 h of treatment.
Caused significant accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase in both AGS and MKN28 cells. Induced a significant increase in sub-G1 phase cells (indicative of apoptotic death) in AGS cells, while inducing a slight increase in sub-G1 phase cells in MKN28 cells. Downregulated CDK1 and CDC25C protein expression in a dose-dependent manner at 50 and 100 μM. Increased p53 and p21 mRNA levels in a significant dose-dependent manner in both cell lines, with no significant changes in p53 and p21 protein levels.
Induced dose-dependent apoptosis in both cell lines. Increased total apoptotic cells by over 6-fold in AGS cells (with early apoptosis as the major population) and over 5-fold in MKN28 cells (with late apoptosis as the major population) at 100 μM after 24 h. Showed fragmented or condensed nuclei in treated cells via Hoechst 33342 staining, confirming apoptotic death. Downregulated XIAP, procaspase-8, procaspase-7, and procaspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner, with concurrent upregulation of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-7, and cleaved PARP in both cell lines.
Induced dose-dependent formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) in both cell lines. Increased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and p62 expression in a dose-dependent manner, with concurrent dose-dependent downregulation of Beclin-1 expression in both cell lines.
Reduced protein expression of tyrosinase to 37.9% . Reduced protein expression of TRP-1 to 42.0% . Reduced protein expression of TRP-2 to 38.3% . Reduced protein expression of MITF to 51.5% .
Reduced mRNA expression of tyrosinase to 55.0%. Reduced mRNA expression of TRP-1 to 10.7 %. Reduced mRNA expression of MITF to 32.3 %.
In Vivo
Pectolinarigenin (4-100 mg/kg; p.o.; single dose) inhibits arachidonic acid (HY-109590)-induced ear edema in mice when administered orally at 100 mg/kg[2]. Pectolinarigenin (4-100 mg/kg; p.o.; single dose) produces a 21.1% inhibitory effect on carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice when administered orally at 100 mg/kg[2]. Pectolinarigenin (20 mg/kg; p.o.; two doses), administered orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg twice, exerts a 30.8% inhibitory effect on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats[2]. When pectolinarigenin (1.0-10 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; 7 days) is administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg once daily for 7 days, it activates the Nrf2/ARE pathway in the liver of male ICR mice, significantly induces the expression of antioxidant enzymes, and promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation[3]. Pectolinarigenin (7.25-25 mg/kg; i.g.; daily) alleviates calcium oxalate-induced renal injury, inflammation and oxidative stress in mice in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting HIF-1α activity[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Animal Model:
ICR (male, 4 weeks old, specific pathogen-free)[2]
Dosage:
4 mg/kg; 20 mg/kg; 100 mg/kg
Administration:
p.o.; single dose
Result:
Reduced increased ear thickness by 18.7% at 20 mg/kg. Produced a statistically significant 34.7% inhibition of increased ear thickness at 100 mg/kg.\n Reduced increased paw volume by 2.6% at 4 mg/kg. Reduced increased paw volume by 13.2% at 20 mg/kg. Reduced increased paw volume by 21.1% at 100 mg/kg.
Animal Model:
Sprague-Dawley (male, 4 weeks old, specific pathogen-free)[2]
Dosage:
20 mg/kg
Administration:
p.o.; two doses (1 hour before IgE injection and 1 hour before antigen challenge)
Result:
Produced a 30.8% inhibition of the allergic response.
Significantly increased liver protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10), and significantly promoted nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the liver at 10 mg/kg. Did not produce statistically significant increases in HO-1, AKR1B10 expression, or Nrf2 nuclear translocation at 1.0 mg/kg. Reached plasma concentrations of 0.92 μM (1.0 mg/kg group) and 1.09 μM (10 mg/kg group) 2 hours after the final dose.
Reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Attenuated renal tubular damage (assessed via PAS staining) and reduced renal calcium oxalate crystal deposition in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibited the glyoxylate-induced increase in KIM-1 protein and mRNA expression. Impeded the glyoxylate-induced elevation of inflammatory factors (IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α) at the mRNA level, and inhibited phosphorylation of P65. Reduced renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and iron levels, and increased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, in a concentration-dependent manner. Upregulated renal expression of HO-1 and GPX4 proteins. Inhibited the activity of HIF-1α (assessed via luciferase reporter assay) without reducing HIF-1α protein or mRNA expression.
DMSO : 33.33 mg/mL (106.05 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Preparing Stock Solutions
ConcentrationSolventMass
1 mg
5 mg
10 mg
1 mM
3.1818 mL
15.9089 mL
31.8177 mL
5 mM
0.6364 mL
3.1818 mL
6.3635 mL
10 mM
0.3182 mL
1.5909 mL
3.1818 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
*Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day. The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Protocol 1
Add each solvent one by one: 2% DMSO 98% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 1 mg/mL (3.18 mM); Clear solution
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly.
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time. The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution.
If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation,
heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Protocol 1
Add each solvent one by one: 50% PEG300 50% Saline
Solubility: 1 mg/mL (3.18 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
Dosage
mg/kg
Animal weight (per animal)
g
Dosing volume (per animal)
μL
Number of animals
Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
%
DMSO+
%
+
%
Tween-80
+
%
Saline
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
The co-solvents required include: DMSO,
. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
, Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration:
mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution:
mg
drug dissolved in
μL
DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take
μL DMSO stock solution, add
μL .
μL , mix evenly, next add
μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add
μL Saline.
Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution
If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
*Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.
Customer Validation
Protein levels and relative quantification analysis of Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and cleaved caspase-3 in liver tissue treated with Pectolinarigenin (Pec) (10 mg/kg, i.p.).
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