Cat. No.: HY-19363

GW4869

249 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 249 publication(s) in Google Scholar

GW4869 is a noncompetitive neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 1 μM. GW4869 is an inhibitor of exosome biogenesis/release.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 95.12%
CAS No.: 6823-69-4
Formula: C₃₀H₃₀Cl₂N₆O₂
Molecular Weight:577.50

Storage:

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

GW4869 Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 6823-69-4

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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (249)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

GW4869 is a noncompetitive neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 1 μM. GW4869 is an inhibitor of exosome biogenesis/release^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4].

IC₅₀ & Target

IC50: 1 μM (neutral sphingomyelinase)^[1]

All Phospholipase Isoforms :

In Vitro

GW4869 (10 μM) partially inhibits TNF-induced sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis, and 20 μM of the compound is protected completely from the loss of SM. The addition of 10-20 μM GW4869 completely inhibits the initial accumulation of ceramide, whereas this effect is partially lost at later time points (24 h). The action of GW4869 occurs downstream of the drop in glutathione. GW4869 is able, in a dose-dependent manner, to significantly protect from cell death^[1].
GW4869 (10 or 20 μM) inhibits both exosome release and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. GW4869 inhibits the ceramide-mediated inward budding of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and release of mature exosomes from MVBs^[2].
GW4869 also could reverse the inhibition of CCN2 3’-UTR activity by miR-214-enriched exosomes in hepatic stellate cells^[3].
Solution Attention: GW4869 is routinely stored at 80 °C as a stock suspension in DMSO. Before cell culture, the stock solution is diluted with culture medium to form a working solution, which can be completely dissolved.

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay^[1]

Cell Line:

MCF7 human breast cancer cells.
Concentration:

10-20 μM.
Incubation Time:

30 min (then treated with TNF (3 nM) followed).
Result:

Significantly inhibited TNF-induced SM hydrolysis, whereas 20 μM of the compound protected completely from the loss of SM.

Cell Viability Assay^[2]

Cell Line:

Fresh RAW264.7 macrophages.
Concentration:

10 or 20 μM.
Incubation Time:

2 hours (then treated with 1 μg/mL LPS incubation).
Result:

LPS-triggered exosome generation was remarkably attenuated in macrophages upon pre-treatment of macrophages with 10 μM GW4869, as evidenced by a 22% reduction in the activity of AChE. Such attenuation was further enhanced by treatment with the dose of 20 μM.

In Vivo

GW4869 (2.5 μg/g, i.p.) causes inhibition of exosome release blocks LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production and cardiac inflammation in mice. GW4869 mitigates LPS-caused myocardial dysfunction and improves survival in mice^[2].
GW4869 (2.5 μg/g, i.p.) blocks the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cardiac inflammation in CLP mice^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

10-12 weeks old Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice (Endotoxin-Challenged Mice)^[2].
Dosage:

2.5 μg/g.
Administration:

I.P. once (1 h later, followed by an i.p. injection of LPS (2.5 μg/g, 100 μL)).
Result:

Significantly decreased exosome levels by 37% in sera, compared to levels collected from control mice. At 12 h after LPS injection, the levels of circulating exosomes were increased significantly compared to PBS-controls, as evidenced by a 1.7-fold elevation in the AChE activity.

Animal Model:

10-12 weeks old Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice (CLP Polymicrobial Sepsis Model)^[2].
Dosage:

2.5 μg/g.
Administration:

I.P. once (before sham or CLP surgery).
Result:

Decreased exosome concentration by 33% compared to mice injected with PBS in sham-surgery controls.
CLP-stimulated exosome release was significantly inhibited by pre-treatment of CLP mice compared to CLP mice pre-treated with PBS.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 6823-69-4
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 577.50
Formula C₃₀H₃₀Cl₂N₆O₂
Color Light yellow to yellow
SMILES

O=C(NC1=CC=C(C2=NCCN2)C=C1)/C=C/C3=CC=C(/C=C/C(NC4=CC=C(C5=NCCN5)C=C4)=O)C=C3.[H]Cl.[H]Cl
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Publications (249)

All RT-PCRWBCell Proliferation/Viability AssayIF

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Journal Impact Factor

Nature

Mosquito-capsid interactions contribute to flavivirus vector specificity. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;651(8107):1039-1050. PMID: 41639463
Cell

An organ-conformal, kirigami-structured bioelectronic patch for precise intracellular delivery. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 19;189(4):1086-1107.e32. PMID: 41605209
Mol Cancer

GP73-dependent regulation of exosome biogenesis promotes colorectal cancer liver metastasis. [Abstract]

2025 May 26;24(1):151. PMID: 40414849
Cell Metab

Extracellular vesicles from obese visceral adipose promote pancreatic cancer development and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 2;37(12):2381-2401.e9. PMID: 41338178
Cell Metab

Liver-breast communication of adipocyte-oriented exosomes drives primary mammary cancer progression. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 24:S1550-4131(25)00385-7. PMID: 40997802
Cell Metab

Microbial riboflavin inhibits ceramide synthase 3 to lower ceramide (d18:1/26:0) and delay colorectal cancer progression. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 2;37(9):1852-1869.e8. PMID: 40609532
Cell Metab

Stress triggers irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea through a spermidine-mediated decline in type I interferon. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 7;37(1):87-103.e10. PMID: 39366386

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Metab. 2025 Jan 7;37(1):87-103.e10. [Abstract]

GW4869 (1.25 mg/kg; i.p.; every 3 days for 3 times) reduces the abundance of exosomes in the intestinal lumen of Xan-stimulated mice, as evidenced by decreased protein levels of A2B and CD63.

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Metab. 2025 Jan 7;37(1):87-103.e10. [Abstract]

GW4869 (10 μM, 48 h) inhibits the ability of pancreatic cancer cells to transfer miR-31-5p to pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) via extracellular vesicles (EVs), thereby preventing the increase of miR-31-5p levels in PSCs.

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Metab. 2025 Jan 7;37(1):87-103.e10. [Abstract]

GW4869 (10 μM, 48 h) restores the protein expression levels of LATS2 and phosphorylated YAP1 in PSCs.
Adv Mater

Engineering Extracellular Vesicles Enriched with Palmitoylated ACE2 as COVID-19 Therapy. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;33(49):e2103471. PMID: 34665481

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Mater. 2021 Dec;33(49):e2103471. [Abstract]

Whole cells lysate and EVs derived from Vero-E6 cells treated with control DMSO or GW4869 (10 μM) for 48 h. Pre‐treatment of cells with GW4869, which inhibits the release of extracellular vesicles, also reduced the ACE2 levels in EVs.
Immunity

Brain ischemia causes systemic Notch1 activity in endothelial cells to drive atherosclerosis. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 23:S1074-7613(24)00351-0. PMID: 39079536
Bioact Mater

Exosomes derived from impaired liver aggravate alveolar bone loss via shuttle of Fasn in type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 9:33:85-99. PMID: 38024229
Bioact Mater

Bioprinted constructs that simulate nerve-bone crosstalk to improve microenvironment for bone repair. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 21:27:377-393. PMID: 37122897
Circ Res

Tipifarnib Reduces Extracellular Vesicles and Protects From Heart Failure. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 5;135(2):280-297. PMID: 38847080
Nat Commun

Obesity-associated macrophages dictate adipose stem cell ferroptosis and visceral fat dysfunction by propagating mitochondrial fragmentation. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 14;16(1):7564. PMID: 40813577
Nat Commun

Nanostructured organic sheets sequestering small extracellular vesicles and reactive species to protect against radiation-induced mucositis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 3;16(1):6120. PMID: 40610425
Nat Commun

Breast cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote CD8+ T cell exhaustion via TGF-β type II receptor signaling. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 1;13(1):4461. PMID: 35915084

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2022 Aug 1;13(1):4461. [Abstract]

Immunoblot analysis of TβRII in whole cells lysate and EVs from MDA-MB-231 cells with GW4869 (10 μM) treatment for 48 h. Pre-treatment of cells with GW4869, which inhibits the release of extracellular vesicles, also sharply reduced the TβRII levels in the TEVs
J Extracell Vesicles

Extracellular Vesicles Coordinate Bacterial Cloaking in Lung Epithelial Cells to Alleviate Acute Inflammatory Injury. [Abstract]

2026 Feb;15(2):e70238. PMID: 41656978
J Extracell Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles miR-31-5p promotes pancreatic cancer chemoresistance via regulating LATS2-Hippo pathway and promoting SPARC secretion from pancreatic stellate cells. [Abstract]

2024 Aug;13(8):e12488. PMID: 39104296
J Extracell Vesicles

Oxidative stress induces extracellular vesicle release by upregulation of HEXB to facilitate tumour growth in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2024 Jul;13(7):e12468. PMID: 38944674

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Extracell Vesicles. 2024 Jul;13(7):e12468. [Abstract]

GW4869 (5-40 μM; 24 h). MTT assay showing the viability of cells treated with indicated concentration of GW4869.
J Extracell Vesicles

The small extracellular vesicle-mediated intercellular transformation of CXCR1Low to CXCR1High tumour cells promotes the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2024 Apr;13(4):e12427. PMID: 38545803

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Extracell Vesicles. 2024 Apr;13(4):e12427. [Abstract]

CXCR1 expression in HN6 cells after treatment with CM derived from GW4869 (10 μM) pre‐treated HNSCC cells as indicated.
J Extracell Vesicles

Extracellular vesicle-associated cholesterol supports the regenerative functions of macrophages in the brain. [Abstract]

2023 Dec;12(12):e12394. PMID: 38124258
J Extracell Vesicles

Stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles enhance radioresistance of prostate cancer cells via interleukin-8-induced autophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;12(7):e12342. PMID: 37387557
J Extracell Vesicles

Excess filaggrin in keratinocytes is removed by extracellular vesicles to prevent premature death and this mechanism can be hijacked by Staphylococcus aureus in a TLR2-dependent fashion. [Abstract]

2023 Jun;12(6):e12335. PMID: 37338870
J Extracell Vesicles

Small extracellular vesicles deliver osteolytic effectors and mediate cancer-induced osteolysis in bone metastatic niche. [Abstract]

2021 Feb;10(4):e12068. PMID: 33659051

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Extracell Vesicles. 2021 Feb;10(4):e12068. [Abstract]

Representative actin ring and TRAP staining images of BMMs cultured with PC3‐CM depleted EVs using ultracentrifugation or GW4869 (10 μM; 6 h).
J Extracell Vesicles

Exosomes derived from osteogenic tumor activate osteoclast differentiation and concurrently inhibit osteogenesis by transferring COL1A1-targeting miRNA-92a-1-5p. [Abstract]

2021 Jan;10(3):e12056. PMID: 33489015
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Atrophic Skeletal Muscle-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Transfer miR-125a-5p to Inhibit Bone Formation in Osteoporosis during Aging. [Abstract]

2026 May;13(25):e15362. PMID: 41747076
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Red Blood Cells Internalize Extracellular DNA via Apoptotic Bodies with Clinical Relevance to Cancer Patients. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;13(13):e11408. PMID: 41486873
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Assessing the Nature of Human Brain-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Synaptic Activity Via the Development of an Air-liquid Microfluidic Platform. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 5:e11194. PMID: 41047484
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Nicotine Reprograms Aging-Related Metabolism and Protects Against Motor Decline in Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 28:e15311. PMID: 40719020
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Exosomes From Intestinal Epithelial Cells Promote Hepatic Differentiation of Liver Progenitor Cells in Gut-Liver-on-a-Chip Models. [Abstract]

2025 Aug;12(32):e17478. PMID: 40619613
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Lysosome-Featured Cell Aggregate-Released Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Iron Homeostasis and Alleviate Post-Irradiation Endothelial Ferroptosis for Mandibular Regeneration. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 23:e05070. PMID: 40546115
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Muscle-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Exercise-Induced Cognitive Protection in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 24:e2410209. PMID: 40271743
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Tumor Exosomal ENPP1 Hydrolyzes cGAMP to Inhibit cGAS-STING Signaling. [Abstract]

2024 May;11(20):e2308131. PMID: 38498770
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Inflammatory Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte-Derived Exosomes Aggravate Osteoarthritis via Enhancing Macrophage Glycolysis. [Abstract]

2024 Apr;11(14):e2307338. PMID: 38342630
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Exosomes-transferred LINC00668 Contributes to Thrombosis by Promoting NETs Formation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. [Abstract]

2023 Oct;10(28):e2300560. PMID: 37590310
Adv Sci (Weinh)

CD63+ Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Confer Tamoxifen Resistance to Breast Cancer Cells through Exosomal miR-22. [Abstract]

2020 Sep 24;7(21):2002518. PMID: 33173749
Theranostics

Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the human endometrium of patients with recurrent implantation failure. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 6;12(15):6527-6547. PMID: 36185612

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Theranostics. 2022 Sep 6;12(15):6527-6547. [Abstract]

The hEECs are pre-treated with 0.1% DMSO or 1 µM GW4869 for 24 h, and then co-cultured with isolated endometrial NK cells for another 24 h, in vitro.
Biomaterials

Odontogenesis-related developmental microenvironment facilitates deciduous dental pulp stem cell aggregates to revitalize an avulsed tooth. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;279:121223. PMID: 34736149

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biomaterials. 2021 Dec;279:121223. [Abstract]

The results also show higher expression of tooth development-related proteins (GLI2, GLI3, DLX1, BMP-2, BMP-4), dentinogenesis-related proteins (DSPP, DMP-4) and cementogenesis-related proteins (CAP, CEMP) in the DA-Exo and GW4869+DA-Exo groups than in the GW4869 (20 μM; 24 h) and hDPSC groups.
Protein Cell

NDFIP1 limits cellular TAZ accumulation via exosomal sorting to inhibit NSCLC proliferation. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 16;14(2):123-136. PMID: 36929005

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Protein Cell. 2023 Mar 16;14(2):123-136. [Abstract]

The TAZ protein level in PCDH and NDFIP1-OE SPC-A1 and A549 cells with or without GW4869 (5 μM; 24 h).
J Exp Clin Cancer Res

A novel protein encoded by circHNRNPU promotes multiple myeloma progression by regulating the bone marrow microenvironment and alternative splicing. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 8;41(1):85. PMID: 35260179
J Exp Clin Cancer Res

Macrophage-derived exosomal microRNA-501-3p promotes progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through the TGFBR3-mediated TGF-β signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2019 Jul 15;38(1):310. PMID: 31307515
J Nanobiotechnology

Autologous platelet delivery of siRNAs by autologous plasma protein self-assembled nanoparticles for the treatment of acute kidney injury. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 29;23(1):256. PMID: 40156015
J Nanobiotechnology

Mechanical force induces macrophage-derived exosomal UCHL3 promoting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis by targeting SMAD1. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 14;21(1):88. PMID: 36915132
Sci Adv

Nutrient availability regulates the secretion and function of immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles through metabolic rewiring. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 16;10(7):eadj1290. PMID: 38354238
Small

Odontogenesis-Empowered Extracellular Vesicles Safeguard Donor-Recipient Stem Cell Interplay to Support Tooth Regeneration. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 11:e2400260. PMID: 38860737
Mol Ther

Circulating Exosomes Control CD4+ T Cell Immunometabolic Functions via the Transfer of miR-142 as a Novel Mediator in Myocarditis. [Abstract]

2020 Dec 2;28(12):2605-2620. PMID: 32882180
Redox Biol

ACOD1-itaconate in macrophage attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in benign airway stenosis by upregulating and transferring FTH1. [Abstract]

2026 May:92:104133. PMID: 41865719
Redox Biol

EMAP-II from macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles drives neutrophil extracellular traps formation via PI3K/AKT/mtROS in lung ischemia/reperfusion injury. [Abstract]

2025 Sep:85:103750. PMID: 40616949
Redox Biol

Extracellular vesicle-packaged GBP2 from macrophages aggravates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by promoting ferroptosis in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 25:82:103614. PMID: 40156957
Engineering

19 October 2021.

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Engineering. 19 October 2021.

In SNU-449 cells, GW4869 (20 μM; 24 h) into the co-culture system and observed that the Cy3-fluorescence of the recipient cells is dramatically weakened.
J Hazard Mater

Fine particulate matter contributes to the development of atherosclerosis via miR-3529-3p encapsulated in extracellular vesicles. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 9:496:139508. PMID: 40818232
Environ Sci Technol

Passing the Parcels: Intercellular Nanoplastics Transfer in Mussels Perna viridis with Activated Immunomodulation. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 16. PMID: 40238681
Cell Rep Med

DDX5 super-enhancer promotes vasculogenic mimicry formation and metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by enhancing ADAM10 transcription. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 17;6(6):102146. PMID: 40412383
J Neuroinflammation

THBS1 in macrophage-derived exosomes exacerbates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inducing ferroptosis in endothelial cells. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 24;22(1):48. PMID: 39994679
Cancer Lett

SYT7 is a key player in increasing exosome secretion and promoting angiogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 28:577:216400. PMID: 37774826
Cancer Lett

Extracellular vesicle-derived LINC00482 induces microglial M2 polarization to facilitate brain metastasis of NSCLC. [Abstract]

2023 May 1:561:216146. PMID: 36963460
Cell Death Dis

Melanoma exosomal miR-708-5p promotes macrophage M2 polarization and cancer metastasis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 24;17(1):346. PMID: 41872159
Cell Death Dis

Hypoxic tumor exosomes suppress macrophage inflammation and ferroptosis via NDUFV2 to enhance bystander tumor radioresistance. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 19. PMID: 41419454
Cell Death Dis

Hypoxia-induced exosomal LUCAT1 promotes osimertinib resistance in lung adenocarcinoma by stabilizing c-MET. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 27;16(1):763. PMID: 41145422
Cell Death Dis

Exosomal circWDR62 promotes temozolomide resistance and malignant progression through regulation of the miR-370-3p/MGMT axis in glioma. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 11;13(7):596. PMID: 35817771
Cell Death Dis

Mesenchymal stem cells protect against ferroptosis via exosome-mediated stabilization of SLC7A11 in acute liver injury. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 26;13(3):271. PMID: 35347117

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Dis. 2022 Mar 26;13(3):271. [Abstract]

WB analysis of CD63 and CD81 in exosomes extracted from MSC-conditioned medium and GW4869 (10 µM) pretreated MSC-conditioned medium.
Cell Death Dis

Tumor-associated macrophage-derived exosomes transmitting miR-193a-5p promote the progression of renal cell carcinoma via TIMP2-dependent vasculogenic mimicry. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 20;13(4):382. PMID: 35443741

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Dis. 2022 Apr 20;13(4):382. [Abstract]

Western blotting is used to detect TIMP2 expression in Caki-1 cells and 786-O cells after adding GW4869 (5 μM) to the coculture system.
Cell Death Dis

GOLPH3/CKAP4 promotes metastasis and tumorigenicity by enhancing the secretion of exosomal WNT3A in non-small-cell lung cancer. [Abstract]

2021 Oct 21;12(11):976. PMID: 34671013
Cell Death Dis

Exosomal annexin A6 induces gemcitabine resistance by inhibiting ubiquitination and degradation of EGFR in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]

2021 Jul 8;12(7):684. PMID: 34238922
Genes Dis

2025 Dec 24.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

ER-resident CCDC134 safeguards TLR4 maturation by maintaining gp96 stability. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 26;122(34):e2512154122. PMID: 40828012
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Monensin suppresses EMT-driven cancer cell motility by inducing Golgi pH-dependent exocytosis of GOLIM4. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 15;122(28):e2501347122. PMID: 40632561
Dev Cell

Bro1 proteins determine tumor immune evasion and metastasis by controlling secretion or degradation of multivesicular bodies. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 25:S1534-5807(25)00155-8. PMID: 40185104
Int J Biol Macromol

Exosomal miR-130b-3p suppresses metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting DEPDC1 via TGF-β signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 1:133594. PMID: 38960258
Int J Biol Macromol

Inhibition of ESCRT-independent extracellular vesicles biogenesis suppresses enterovirus 71 replication and pathogenesis in mice. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 6;267(Pt 1):131453. PMID: 38588842
BMC Med

Extracellular vesicles derived from menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells suppress inflammatory atherosclerosis by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 15;23(1):565. PMID: 41094553
Phytomedicine

The role of macrophage-derived Exosomes in reversing peritoneal fibrosis: Insights from Astragaloside IV. [Abstract]

2024 Jul:129:155683. PMID: 38701543
Free Radic Biol Med

Extracellular vesicle-mediated transcellular mitophagy as a modulatory target for moderate hyperoxia-induced alveolar developmental arrest in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:249:453-468. PMID: 41833585
Free Radic Biol Med

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: A microbial ally against preeclampsia via extracellular vesicle-mediated ferroptosis inhibition. [Abstract]

2026 May:248:333-349. PMID: 41763497
Free Radic Biol Med

Exosomes from tumor-associated neutrophils suppress ferroptosis and confer chemoresistance in gastric cancer via miR-9-3p/ACSL4 axis. [Abstract]

2025 Nov:239:49-62. PMID: 40681062
Apoptosis

Myeloma extracellular vesicle-derived RAGE increases inflammatory responses and myotube atrophy in multiple myeloma through activation of the TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jun;29(5-6):849-864. PMID: 38117373
Br J Pharmacol

Silencing the fibronectin gene (FN1) improves NaCl-induced cardiac fibrosis via ferritinophagy-mediated ferroptosis in a nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-dependent manner. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 29. PMID: 41022663
Mov Disord

Erythrocytic α-Synuclein and the Gut Microbiome: Kindling of the Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]

2024 Jan;39(1):40-52. PMID: 37798868
Biomed Pharmacother

Multi-omics reveals aspirin eugenol ester alleviates neurological disease. [Abstract]

2023 Oct:166:115311. PMID: 37572635
J Transl Med

Extracellular vesicle miR-32 derived from macrophage promotes arterial calcification in mice with type 2 diabetes via inhibiting VSMC autophagy. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 6;20(1):307. PMID: 35794619
Stem Cell Res Ther

Magnetic engineered bone mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for targeted acute lung injury therapy. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 1;16(1):539. PMID: 41035003
Stem Cell Res Ther

Exosomal miR-218 secreted from endothelial progenitor cells mitigates acute lung injury in sepsis mice by inhibiting HMGA1 in alveolar macrophages. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 6;16(1):431. PMID: 40770661
Stem Cell Res Ther

Human spindle-shaped urine-derived stem cell exosomes alleviate severe fatty liver ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via GPX4. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 21;16(1):81. PMID: 39985001
Oncogene

PBLD inhibits angiogenesis via impeding VEGF/VEGFR2-mediated microenvironmental cross-talk between HCC cells and endothelial cells. [Abstract]

2022 Mar;41(13):1851-1865. PMID: 35140333
Stem Cell Res Ther

Human amniotic stem cells-derived exosmal miR-181a-5p and miR-199a inhibit melanogenesis and promote melanosome degradation in skin hyperpigmentation, respectively. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 10;12(1):501. PMID: 34507619
Stem Cell Res Ther

Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate IL-6-induced acute liver injury through miR-455-3p. [Abstract]

2020 Jan 23;11(1):37. PMID: 31973730

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020 Jan 23;11(1):37. [Abstract]

Exos-IL6 are added to macrophages to detect inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in cell culture media. GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; MIP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1; IP-10, interferon-inducible protein-10; MDC, macrophage-derived chemokine; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TNF-ɑ, tumor necrosis factor.
Cell Death Discov

GDF-15 in tumor-derived exosomes promotes muscle atrophy via Bcl-2/caspase-3 pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 4;8(1):162. PMID: 35379793
Cell Death Discov

Reduced O-GlcNAcylation of SNAP-23 promotes cisplatin resistance by inducing exosome secretion in ovarian cancer. [Abstract]

2021 May 18;7(1):112. PMID: 34001861
Cell Rep

Extracellular vesicles from alveolar macrophages harboring phagocytosed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus induce necroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 9;43(7):114453. PMID: 38985677
Cell Rep

Exosomal miR-27b-3p secreted by visceral adipocytes contributes to endothelial inflammation and atherogenesis. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 31;42(1):111948. PMID: 36640325
Cell Rep

Expression of miRNA-29 in Pancreatic β Cells Promotes Inflammation and Diabetes via TRAF3. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 5;34(1):108576. PMID: 33406428

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Rep. 2021 Jan 5;34(1):108576. [Abstract]

M1 macrophages are treated with bmiR-29-Exos with or without 10 μM GW4869 for 48 h; then, relative miR-29a expression in macrophages is determined by qPCR.
Clin Transl Med

Single-cell sequencing combined with spatial transcriptomics reveals that the IRF7 gene in M1 macrophages inhibits the occurrence of pancreatic cancer by regulating lipid metabolism-related mechanisms. [Abstract]

2024 Aug;14(8):e1799. PMID: 39118300
Clin Transl Med

Splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 8 promotes multiple myeloma malignancy and bone lesion through alternative splicing of CACYBP and exosome-based cellular communication. [Abstract]

2022 Feb;12(2):e684. PMID: 35184390
Clin Transl Med

Tumor-derived exosomal miR-19b-3p facilitates M2 macrophage polarization and exosomal LINC00273 secretion to promote lung adenocarcinoma metastasis via Hippo pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Sep;11(9):e478. PMID: 34586722
Int J Nanomedicine

Exosome-Delivered circFOXP1 Upregulates Autophagy and Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression Through Its Encoded p196 Protein Targeting the KHDRBS3/ULK1 Axis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 23:20:5247-5265. PMID: 40292405
Mol Med

Aerobic exercise improves cognitive impairment in mice with type 2 diabetes by regulating the MALAT1/miR-382-3p/BDNF signaling pathway in serum-exosomes. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 22;29(1):130. PMID: 37740187
J Agric Food Chem

Mammary Epithelial Cell-Derived Exosomal miR-221-3p Regulates Macrophage Polarization by Targeting Igf 2 bp 2 during Mastitis. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 11;71(40):14742-14757. PMID: 37757458
Mol Ther Nucleic Acids

The role of Sertoli cell-derived miR-143-3p in male fertility declines with age. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 28;35(4):102369. PMID: 39640010
Talanta

Single-particle analysis of tear fluid reveals abundant presence of tissue factor-exposing extracellular vesicles with strong coagulation activity. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 1:239:123089. PMID: 34847440
Mol Ther Nucleic Acids

Cancer-derived exosome miRNAs induce skeletal muscle wasting by Bcl-2-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cachexia. [Abstract]

2021 Apr 24;24:923-938. PMID: 34094711

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2021 Apr 24;24:923-938. [Abstract]

The pro-atrophy ability of C26 tumor medium is inhibited by GW4869.

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2021 Apr 24;24:923-938. [Abstract]

The diameter of myotubes and the MHC protein expression of the GW4869-treated C26 group were higher than the control C26 group.
Front Immunol

HSC-derived exosomal miR-122-5p inhibits EMT and fibrosis of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells to alleviate primary biliary cholangitis. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 31:16:1684064. PMID: 41246340
Cell Biol Toxicol

Targeting B4GALT3 in BMSCs-EVs for Therapeutic Control of HCC via NF-κB pathway inhibition. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 5;41(1):67. PMID: 40186771
Biochem Pharmacol

GPR40 inhibits microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via the NLRP3/IL-1β/glutaminase pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage. [Abstract]

2025 May 1:116971. PMID: 40318813
Cell Prolif

SHED aggregate exosomes shuttled miR-26a promote angiogenesis in pulp regeneration via TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signalling. [Abstract]

2021 Jul;54(7):e13074. PMID: 34101281
Cell Prolif

Exosomes released from educated mesenchymal stem cells accelerate cutaneous wound healing via promoting angiogenesis. [Abstract]

2020 Aug;53(8):e12830. PMID: 32608556
Inflamm Res

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces sclerostin secretion by extracellular vesicle via TLR4/miR-92a-3p/PTEN/NF-κB signalling pathway in murine macrophage. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 25;74(1):27. PMID: 39862242
Inflammopharmacology

Synovial mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-320c facilitates cartilage damage repair by targeting ADAM19-dependent Wnt signalling in osteoarthritis rats. [Abstract]

2023 Apr;31(2):915-926. PMID: 36862227
Cancer Immunol Immunother

Neutral sphingomyelinases restrict natural killer cells activity against lung cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 22;75(5):155. PMID: 42020832
Drug Des Devel Ther

Qingre Huoxue Decoction Alleviates Atherosclerosis by Regulating Macrophage Polarization Through Exosomal miR-26a-5p. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 28:18:6389-6411. PMID: 39749190
Commun Biol

Overexpression of USP35 enhances the protective effect of hUC-MSCs and their extracellular vesicles in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced SH-SY5Y cells via stabilizing FUNDC1. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 15;7(1):1330. PMID: 39406943
Life Sci

Quercetin modulates expression of serum exosomal long noncoding RNA NEAT1 to regulate the miR-129-5p/BDNF axis and attenuate cognitive impairment in diabetic mice. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 1:340:122449. PMID: 38253310
Cancer Immunol Immunother

Tumor-derived exosomes drive pre-metastatic niche formation in lung via modulating CCL1+ fibroblast and CCR8+ Treg cell interactions. [Abstract]

2022 Nov;71(11):2717-2730. PMID: 35428909
Cancer Immunol Immunother

Gastric cancer-derived exosomal miR-135b-5p impairs the function of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by targeting specificity protein 1. [Abstract]

2022 Feb;71(2):311-325. PMID: 34159436
Life Sci

PGRN-/- TAMs-derived exosomes inhibit breast cancer cell invasion and migration and its mechanism exploration. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 1;264:118687. PMID: 33181174
Transplantation

Circulating Exosomes Mediate Neurodegeneration Following Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Through Inducing Microglial Pyroptosis in the Developing Hippocampus. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 1;107(11):2364-2376. PMID: 37291725
Int J Mol Sci

Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity Through SIRT1 Loss Potentiates Overproduction of Exosomes in Cardiomyocytes. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 18;25(22):12376. PMID: 39596439
Int J Mol Sci

Colon Cancer-Derived Exosomal LncRNA-XIST Promotes M2-like Macrophage Polarization by Regulating PDGFRA. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 24;25(21):11433. PMID: 39518984
PLoS Pathog

Exosomes derived from bladder epithelial cells infected with uropathogenic Escherichia coli increase the severity of urinary tract infections (UTIs) by impairing macrophage function. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 8;20(1):e1011926. PMID: 38190378
Int J Oncol

Exosomes from PYCR1 knockdown bone marrow mesenchymal stem inhibits aerobic glycolysis and the growth of bladder cancer cells via regulation of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Jul 9;63(1):84. PMID: 37293856
Int J Oncol

Oral mucosal mesenchymal stem cell‑derived exosomes: A potential therapeutic target in oral premalignant lesions. [Abstract]

2019 May;54(5):1567-1578. PMID: 30896790

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Oncol. 2019 May;54(5):1567-1578. [Abstract]

LSCC cell AMC-HN-8 is treated with 20 μM GW4869 compared with 0.5% DMSO. 20 μM GW4869 can significantly alter the levels of miR-1246 within the LSCC cells and sEV.

GW4869 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Oncol. 2019 May;54(5):1567-1578. [Abstract]

Western blot analysis is used to assess levels of exosome markers in hucMMSCs-exos and GW4869-treated hUCMSCs-CM.
Matrix Biol

OSCC-derived EVs educate fibroblasts and remodel collagen landscape. [Abstract]

2024 Dec:134:132-143. PMID: 39393503
Front Cell Infect Microbiol

Intestinal Epithelial Cell Exosome Launches IL-1β-Mediated Neuron Injury in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 17;11:783049. PMID: 35111693
Cell Mol Neurobiol

MircoRNA-29a in Astrocyte-derived Extracellular Vesicles Suppresses Brain Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via TP53INP1 and the NF-κB/NLRP3 Axis. [Abstract]

2022 Jul;42(5):1487-1500. PMID: 33620674
mBio

Lipid droplets and small extracellular vesicles interplay in Japanese encephalitis virus non-lytic release. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 10;17(6):e0042326. PMID: 42159429
Noncoding RNA Res

Exosomal miRNA-218-5p derived from low-passage dermal papilla cells modulates hair follicle growth and development. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 15:18:1-11. PMID: 41585345
Int Immunopharmacol

Exosomal miR-3529-3p increases the sensitivity of trastuzumab via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting HOOK3. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 23:162:115160. PMID: 40614603
Int Immunopharmacol

Extracellular vesicles of ADSCs inhibit ischemic stroke-induced pyroptosis through Gbp3 regulation: A role for the NLRP3/GSDMD signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 24:146:113881. PMID: 39721455
Noncoding RNA Res

Glycolysis regulated exosomal LINC01214 inhibited CD8+ T cell function and induced anti-PD1 resistance in melanoma via modulating miR-4492/PPP1R11 axis. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 30:10:242-251. PMID: 39559293
Int Immunopharmacol

Quercetin-primed BMSC-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate chronic liver damage through miR-136-5p and GNAS/STAT3 signaling pathways. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 27;142(Pt B):113162. PMID: 39340996
Int Immunopharmacol

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded miR-451a targets ATF2 to improve rheumatoid arthritis. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 25:127:111365. PMID: 38104370
Int Immunopharmacol

GBP2 upregulated in LPS-stimulated macrophages-derived exosomes accelerates septic lung injury by activating epithelial cell NLRP3 signaling. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 7;124(Pt B):111017. PMID: 37812968
Int Immunopharmacol

Mechanism of M2 type macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles regulating PD-L1 expression via the MISP/IQGAP1 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy resistance. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 24;124(Pt A):110848. PMID: 37633233
Mol Cancer Res

Triple-negative breast cancer-derived extracellular vesicles promote a hepatic pre-metastatic niche via a cascade of microenvironment remodeling. [Abstract]

2023 Jul 5;21(7):726-740. PMID: 37040163
World J Diabetes

Exosomal transfer of miR-375-3p from pancreatic β cells to hepatocytes impairs hepatic glycogenesis via Rbpj repression. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 15;16(10):109815. PMID: 41113486
Cancer Biol Ther

Extracellular vesicle-packaged miR-4253 secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts facilitates cell proliferation in gastric cancer by inducing macrophage M2 polarization. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 31;25(1):2424490. PMID: 39505708
Front Microbiol

Enterovirus 71 non-structural protein 3A hijacks vacuolar protein sorting 25 to boost exosome biogenesis to facilitate viral replication. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 5:13:1024899. PMID: 36274707
J Dairy Sci

Isolation of extracellular vesicles from byproducts of cheesemaking by tangential flow filtration yields heterogeneous fractions of nanoparticles. [Abstract]

2021 Sep;104(9):9478-9493. PMID: 34218910
Transl Stroke Res

CircRNA circ_0004058 Modulates Early Brain Injury in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Through miR-221-3p and VE1 Activation Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 16. PMID: 40956561
Methods

Quorum sensing: An essential factor in culturing the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and its neutrophil-related functions. [Abstract]

2025 Sep:241:94-102. PMID: 40403782
Mol Neurobiol

BI1 Activates Autophagy and Mediates TDP43 to Regulate ALS Pathogenesis. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;62(1):988-1030. PMID: 38954254
J Physiol Biochem

D609 inhibition of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C attenuates prolonged insulin stimulation-mediated GLUT4 downregulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. [Abstract]

2022 May;78(2):355-363. PMID: 35048323
Front Cell Dev Biol

Extracellular Vesicles Carry lncRNA SNHG16 to Promote Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells via the miR-892b/PPAPDC1A Axis. [Abstract]

2021 Jun 25;9:628573. PMID: 34249903
Front Cell Dev Biol

Hepatoma Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Liver Cancer Metastasis by Inducing the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stem Cells Through microRNA-181d-5p and the FAK/Src Pathway. [Abstract]

2021 May 28:9:607001. PMID: 34124029
FASEB J

FRK exerts oncogenic effects by targeting NQO2 via exosomal miR-9-3p to regulate mitochondrial function. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 15;38(23):e70221. PMID: 39625368
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis

CCL2/CCR2 axis promotes perineural invasion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma via ITGβ5-mediated nerve-tumor interaction. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 31:167484. PMID: 39222826
Bioengineered

Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells regulate pyroptosis via the miR-143-3p/myeloid differentiation factor 88 axis to ameliorate intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. [Abstract]

2023 Dec;14(1):2253414. PMID: 37674357
Mediators Inflamm

Limb-Bud and Heart (LBH) Upregulation in Cardiomyocytes under Hypoxia Promotes the Activation of Cardiac Fibroblasts via Exosome Secretion. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 6:2022:8939449. PMID: 36110098
Stem Cell Rev Rep

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes Suppress Neuronal Cell Ferroptosis Via lncGm36569/miR-5627-5p/FSP1 Axis in Acute Spinal Cord Injury. [Abstract]

2022 Mar;18(3):1127-1142. PMID: 35257299
J Cell Mol Med

miR-365 secreted from M2 Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression through the BTG2/FAK/AKT axis. [Abstract]

2021 May;25(10):4671-4683. PMID: 33811437
J Cell Mol Med

Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration through inhibiting pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2020 Oct;24(20):11742-11754. PMID: 32860495
Toxics

MicroRNA in the Exosomes Mediated by Resveratrol to Activate Neuronal Cells. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 1;12(2):122. PMID: 38393218
Transl Oncol

High expression of B7-H3 on monocyte/macrophages in tumor microenvironment promotes lung cancer progression by inhibiting apoptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Mar:41:101874. PMID: 38262113
Neurochem Int

Exosomes derived from NGF-overexpressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheet promote spinal cord injury repair in a mouse model. [Abstract]

2022 Jul:157:105339. PMID: 35429578
Sci Rep

Exosomes derived from galangin preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells attenuate oxidative stress induced senescence and promote geriatric wound healing. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 30. PMID: 42062410
Sci Rep

Activation/inactivation of Tregs mediated by Kv1.3 potassium channels synergistically with exosome secretion to regulate myocardial fibrosis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 1;15(1):45756. PMID: 41326524
Oncol Rep

Mechanism of tumor‑derived extracellular vesicles in regulating renal cell carcinoma progression by the delivery of MALAT1. [Abstract]

2021 Sep;46(3):187. PMID: 34278501
Diabetol Metab Syndr

Knockdown of circ-FANCA alleviates LPS-induced HK2 cell injury via targeting miR-93-5p/OXSR1 axis in septic acute kidney injury. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 19;13(1):7. PMID: 33468219
Neurotoxicology

Astrocyte-derived exosomes carry microRNA-17-5p to protect neonatal rats from hypoxic-ischemic brain damage via inhibiting BNIP-2 expression. [Abstract]

2021 Mar:83:28-39. PMID: 33309839
Aging (Albany NY)

Exosomal miR-183-5p promotes angiogenesis in colorectal cancer by regulation of FOXO1. [Abstract]

2020 May 3;12(9):8352-8371. PMID: 32364530
Oncol Rep

Exosomes isolated from CAPS1‑overexpressing colorectal cancer cells promote cell migration. [Abstract]

2019 Dec;42(6):2528-2536. PMID: 31638236
J Virol

Rab27a-mediated exosome secretion facilitates classical swine fever virus release and immune evasion. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 11:e0148825. PMID: 41217171
Clin Exp Immunol

FGL1 in plasma extracellular vesicles is correlated with clinical stage of lung adenocarcinoma and anti-PD-L1 response. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 12;216(1):68-79. PMID: 38146642
Digest Liver Dis

Tumor cells derived-extracellular vesicles transfer miR-3129 to promote hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by targeting TXNIP. [Abstract]

2021 Apr;53(4):474-485. PMID: 33563583
Mol Cell Biochem

Upregulation of YY1 in M2 macrophages promotes secretion of exosomes containing hsa-circ-0000326 via super-enhancers to facilitate prostate cancer progression. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;480(6):3873-3888. PMID: 39960585
Appl Phys Lett

2024 Jul 15.
Stem Cells

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived miR-21-5p protects grafted islets against apoptosis by targeting PDCD4. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 2;41(2):169-183. PMID: 36512434
Stem Cells

Inflammatory Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Drive M1 Macrophage Polarization via Exosomal miR-143-3p-mediated Regulation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Signaling. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 2;41(2):184-199. PMID: 36520505
Mol Hum Reprod

Extravillous trophoblast cell derived exosomes induce vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis via a mechanism associated with miR-143-3p. [Abstract]

2023 Jul 31;29(8):gaad026. PMID: 37369038
Regen Ther

Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes containing microRNA-425 promote migration, invasion and lung metastasis by down-regulating CPEB1. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 25;20:107-116. PMID: 35582707
Mol Med Rep

Exosome‑derived lncRNA‑Ankrd26 promotes dental pulp restoration by regulating miR‑150‑TLR4 signaling. [Abstract]

2022 May;25(5):152. PMID: 35244185
Eur J Med Res

M2 macrophage-derived exosomes reverse TGF-β1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transformation in BEAS-2B cells via the TGF-βRI/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 11;30(1):271. PMID: 40211426
RNA Biol

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal microRNA-451a represses epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting ADAM10. [Abstract]

2021 Oct;18(10):1408-1423. PMID: 33206588
Cell Cycle

Exosomes-carried microRNA-26b-5p regulates microglia M1 polarization after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. [Abstract]

2020 May;19(9):1022-1035. PMID: 32208888
Stem Cells Int

Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit the Fibrosis of Fibrotic Buccal Mucosal Fibroblasts via the MicroRNA-375/FOXF1 Axis. [Abstract]

2021 Jun 22;2021:9964159. PMID: 34257670
Mol Carcinog

ITGB3-enriched extracellular vesicles mediate the formation of osteoclastic pre-metastatic niche to promote lung adenocarcinoma bone metastasis. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;63(11):2190-2204. PMID: 39136603
Environ Toxicol

Exosomal miRNA-166-5p derived from G-MDSCs promotes proliferation by targeting ITM3E in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Feb;39(2):803-814. PMID: 37792719
Environ Toxicol

Tumor-associated macrophages-derived exo-let-7a promotes osteosarcoma metastasis via targeting C15orf41 in osteosarcoma. [Abstract]

2023 Jun;38(6):1318-1331. PMID: 36919336
Int J Cardiol

Cardiac microvascular functions improved by MSC-derived exosomes attenuate cardiac fibrosis after ischemia-reperfusion via PDGFR-β modulation. [Abstract]

2021 Dec 1:344:13-24. PMID: 34534604
J Cancer

Exosomes Derived from Hypoxic Colorectal Cancer Cells Transfer miR-410-3p to Regulate Tumor Progression. [Abstract]

2020 May 25;11(16):4724-4735. PMID: 32626519
IUBMB Life

Lack of miR-1246 in small extracellular vesicle blunts tumorigenesis of laryngeal carcinoma cells by regulating Cyclin G2. [Abstract]

2020 Jul;72(7):1491-1503. PMID: 32196930
Hum Cell

Blocking secretion of exosomes by GW4869 dampens CD8+ T cell exhaustion and prostate cancer progression. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 18;38(5):131. PMID: 40681951
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)

Exosomal miR-423-5p Derived from Mineralized Osteoblasts Promotes Angiogenesis of Endothelial Cells by Targeting CXCL10. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 9;29(8):278. PMID: 39206914
J Leukoc Biol

Adipose-derived stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit neuroblastoma growth by regulating GABBR1 activity through LINC00622-mediated transcription factor AR. [Abstract]

2022 Jan;111(1):19-32. PMID: 34448502
Cell Biol Int

Exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells inhibit ROS production and cell apoptosis in human articular chondrocytes via the miR-100-5p/NOX4 axis. [Abstract]

2021 Oct;45(10):2096-2106. PMID: 34197004
Hum Cell

Exosomes derived from natural killer cells inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis. [Abstract]

2020 Jul;33(3):582-589. PMID: 32449114
Arch Biochem Biophys

Exosomal miR-4687-5p alleviates silica-induced fibrosis by inhibiting EMT via β-catenin targeting. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 22:776:110714. PMID: 41443291
Arch Biochem Biophys

Knockdown of OPTN modulates miRNA-125b-5p expression via NF-κB pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 5:110499. PMID: 40482989
Arch Biochem Biophys

Osteoclast-derived exosomal miR-212-3p suppressed the anabolism and accelerated the catabolism of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis by targeting TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling. [Abstract]

2024 Jan:751:109827. PMID: 38000494
J Bioenerg Biomembr

Chondroprotective effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in osteoarthritis. [Abstract]

2024 Feb;56(1):31-44. PMID: 38012335
Genomics

SCARA5 in bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomes inhibits colorectal cancer progression by inactivating the PI3K/Akt pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;115(4):110636. PMID: 37150230
Arch Biochem Biophys

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate hyperoxia-induced lung injury via the manipulation of microRNA-425. [Abstract]

2021 Jan 15;697:108712. PMID: 33264631
Am J Cancer Res

PRDM16 from hepatic stellate cells-derived extracellular vesicles promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 15;13(11):5254-5270. PMID: 38058806
J Reprod Immunol

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles improve ovarian function in rats with primary ovarian insufficiency by carrying miR-145-5p. [Abstract]

2023 Aug:158:103971. PMID: 37329866
Carcinogenesis

Apelin enhances biological functions in lung cancer A549 cells by downregulating exosomal miR-15a-5p. [Abstract]

2021 Feb 25;42(2):243-253. PMID: 32808032
Reprod Toxicol

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes repair raloxifene-induced damage in endometrial stromal cells via autophagy activation. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 11:137:108997. PMID: 40652993
J Biochem Mol Toxicol

Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Secreted Exosomes Regulate Macrophage Polarization in Pancreatic Cancer via the NOD1 Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;39(1):e70126. PMID: 39756063
Mol Biol Rep

Role of Acorus calamus extract in reducing exosome secretion by targeting Rab27a and nSMase2: a therapeutic approach for breast cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 15;52(1):124. PMID: 39812915
Mol Biol Rep

Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosome Leptin promotes malignant biological lineage in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by regulating ABL2 via miR-224-3p. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 19;51(1):995. PMID: 39298063
J Appl Toxicol

Blocking exosomal secretion aggravates 1,4-benzoquinone-induced mitochondrial fission activated by the AMPK/MFF/Drp1 pathway in HL-60 cells. [Abstract]

2022 Oct;42(10):1618-1627. PMID: 35383983
Technol Cancer Res Treat

Loading MicroRNA-376c in Extracellular Vesicles Inhibits Properties of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Targeting YTHDF1. [Abstract]

2020 Jan-Dec:19:1533033820977525. PMID: 33280517
Oncotargets Ther

G-MDSCs-Derived Exosomal miRNA-143-3p Promotes Proliferation via Targeting of ITM2B in Lung Cancer. [Abstract]

2020 Sep 30;13:9701-9719. PMID: 33061450
Vet Microbiol

Surface expression of PEDV nucleocapsid protein facilitates NK cell-mediated ADCC via anti-N nonneutralizing antibody. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 11:305:110518. PMID: 40233683
Exp Eye Res

Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells-derived conditioned medium and exosomes alleviate oxidative stress-induced retinal degeneration by activating PI3K/Akt/FoxO3 pathway. [Abstract]

2024 May 8:244:109919. PMID: 38729254
Exp Eye Res

Vascular endothelial cell-derived exosomal miR-1246 facilitates posterior capsule opacification development by targeting GSK-3β in diabetes mellitus. [Abstract]

2023 Jun:231:109463. PMID: 37044287
BMC Mol Cell Biol

Exosomal miR-200c-3p negatively regulates the migraion and invasion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated colorectal cancer (CRC). [Abstract]

2020 Jun 29;21(1):48. PMID: 32600257
Adv Biol (Weinh)

New-QiangGuYin-Containing Serum Inhibits Osteoclast-Derived Exosome Secretion and Down-Regulates Notum to Promote Osteoblast Differentiation. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 27:e2400166. PMID: 38935529
Mol Biotechnol

Tumor Cell-Derived Exosomal miR-191-5p Activates M2-Subtype Macrophages Through SOCS3 to Facilitate Breast Cancer. [Abstract]

2024 May;66(5):1314-1325. PMID: 38270757
Placenta

Extracellular vesicles derived from hypoxic HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast inhibit endothelial cell functions through the miR-150-3p /CHPF pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Jul:138:21-32. PMID: 37156185
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol

Adipocyte-derived exosomal miR-30c-5p promotes ovarian angiogenesis in polycystic ovary syndrome via the SOCS3/STAT3/VEGFA pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Jun:230:106278. PMID: 36870372
PeerJ

Lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages regulate the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through exosomes. [Abstract]

2022 May 13;10:e13442. PMID: 35586136
BMC Cardiovasc Disord

Exosomes activate hippocampal microglia in atrial fibrillation through long-distance heart-brain communication. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 9;24(1):627. PMID: 39516720
Oncol Lett

Cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cell exosomes facilitate non-small cell lung cancer cell viability and invasiveness by delivering miR-182 in a FBXW7-related AKT and ERK-dependent pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 19;30(4):487. PMID: 40895715
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

SHED aggregation-released extracellular vesicles rejuvenate Gli1+ cells and improve diabetic wound healing. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 1:777:152327. PMID: 40651366
J Mol Histol

mir-330-5p from mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes targets SETD7 to reduce inflammation in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 31;56(1):63. PMID: 39738925
Oncol Lett

Exosome‑delivered miR‑486‑3p inhibits the progression of osteosarcoma via sponging CircKEAP1/MARCH1 axis components. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 16;27(1):24. PMID: 38058466
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

28 February 2022.
Orthop Surg

HUCMSC-derived Exosomes Suppress the Titanium Particles-induced Osteolysis in Mice through Inhibiting CCL2 and CCL3. [Abstract]

2023 Mar;15(3):888-898. PMID: 36720704
Synapse

Neuroprotective mechanism of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles improving the phenotype polarization of microglia via the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway in vascular dementia. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;77(4):e22268. PMID: 36941024
Int J Biol Markers

Exosomal miR-122-5p inhibits tumorigenicity of gastric cancer by downregulating GIT1. [Abstract]

2021 Mar;36(1):36-46. PMID: 33752480
Hematology

Mechanism of bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes mediating microRNA-139-5p to regulate β-catenin in the modulation of proliferation and apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells. [Abstract]

2024 Dec;29(1):2428482. PMID: 39570105
Bioelectromagnetics

Effects of electromagnetic pulses, exosomes inhibition and their coaction on A549 cells. [Abstract]

2024 Jul;45(5):218-225. PMID: 38533693
Biocell

2025 May 27;49(15):833-855.
bioRxiv

2026 Apr 29.
Res Sq

2026 Mar 4.
Dental Research

2026 Mar 24.
bioRxiv

T cell fate is dictated by different antigen presenting cells in response to dietary versus gut epithelial self-antigen. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 22:2025.11.06.687030. PMID: 41279661
bioRxiv

2025 Oct 31.
Indian Veterinary Research Institute

2025.
SSRN

2025 Sep 3.
SSRN

2025 May 12.
bioRxiv

2025 February 27.
SSRN

2025 Mar 19.
Res Sq

2024 Sep 13.
bioRxiv

Response of Serum-isolated Extracellular Vesicles to Focused Ultrasound Blood-Brain Barrier Opening. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 20:2024.12.17.629012. PMID: 39763821
Res Sq

2024 Oct 16.
Res Sq

2024 Jul 26.
SSRN

2024 Mar 21.
Research Square Preprint

2023 Oct 5.
Research Square Preprint

2023 Aug 7.
Research Square Preprint

2023 Jun 9.
bioRxiv

2023 Feb 23.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

Electroacupuncture Improves Intestinal Motility through Exosomal miR-34c-5p Targeting SCF/c-Kit Signaling Pathway in Slow Transit Constipation Model Rats. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 12;2022:8043841. PMID: 36133788
Research Square Print

September 27th, 2022.
Oxid Med Cell Longev

miR-29a-3p in Exosomes from Heme Oxygenase-1 Modified Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviates Steatotic Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Suppressing Ferroptosis via Iron Responsive Element Binding Protein 2. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 9;2022:6520789. PMID: 35720183
Research Square Preprint

2022 May.
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg

2021 Dec.
Research Square Preprint

2021 Apr.
Research Square Preprint

2021 Mar.
Research Square Preprint

2021 Jan.
Research Square Preprint

2020 Nov.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 10 mg/mL (17.32 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble)

* GW4869 is usually formulated as a suspension.

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

1.7316 mL

8.6580 mL

17.3160 mL

5 mM

0.3463 mL

1.7316 mL

3.4632 mL

10 mM

0.1732 mL

0.8658 mL

1.7316 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (278 KB)
SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Luberto C, et al. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-induced cell death in MCF7 by a novel inhibitor of neutralsphingomyelinase. J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 25;277(43):41128-39. [Content Brief]

[2]. Essandoh K, et al. Blockade of exosome generation with GW4869 dampens the sepsis-induced inflammation and cardiac dysfunction. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Nov;1852(11):2362-71. [Content Brief]

[3]. Chen L, et al. Integrins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans on hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are novel receptors for HSC-derived exosomes. FEBS Lett. 2016 Dec;590(23):4263-4274. [Content Brief]

[4]. Nakamura H, et al. Sphingomyelin Regulates the Activity of Secretory Phospholipase A2 in the Plasma Membrane. J Cell Biochem. 2015 Sep;116(9):1898-907. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	1.7316 mL	8.6580 mL	17.3160 mL	43.2900 mL
	5 mM	0.3463 mL	1.7316 mL	3.4632 mL	8.6580 mL
	10 mM	0.1732 mL	0.8658 mL	1.7316 mL	4.3290 mL
	15 mM	0.1154 mL	0.5772 mL	1.1544 mL	2.8860 mL

Keywords

Product Name:
Cat. No.:
Quantity:
MCE Japan Authorized Agent:

Product Name:
CAS No.:
Species:
Purity:
Quantity:

GW4869

Immunology/Inflammation Compound Library

Metabolism/Protease Compound Library

Anti-Cancer Compound Library

Covalent Screening Library

Anti-Cardiovascular Disease Compound Library

Cytoskeleton Compound Library

Exosomes Compound Library

Lipid Metabolism Compound Library

Metabolic Enzyme Compound Library

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Compound Library

Bioactive Compound Library Max

MCE Bioactive Compound Library

Covalent Screening Library Plus

Bioactive Compound Library

High-Throughput Bioactive Compound Library

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) GW4869

All Phospholipase Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (249)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

GW4869

Immunology/Inflammation Compound Library

Metabolism/Protease Compound Library

Anti-Cancer Compound Library

Covalent Screening Library

Anti-Cardiovascular Disease Compound Library

Cytoskeleton Compound Library

Exosomes Compound Library

Lipid Metabolism Compound Library

Metabolic Enzyme Compound Library

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Compound Library

Bioactive Compound Library Max

MCE Bioactive Compound Library

Covalent Screening Library Plus

Bioactive Compound Library

High-Throughput Bioactive Compound Library

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) GW4869

All Phospholipase Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (249)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

GW4869 Related Classifications

Cat. No.: HY-19363