COX
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2, initiating prostanoid biosynthesis that regulates inflammation, vascular homeostasis, pain signaling, and tissue responses to injury[1][2]. Mechanistically, COX enzymes contain two major isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, which catalyze the same biochemical reaction but differ in gene regulation, tissue distribution, intracellular localization, and substrate selectivity[1][2]. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and contributes to gastric mucosal protection, platelet function, and renal hemodynamic maintenance, whereas COX-2 is rapidly induced by inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and pathological stimuli[1][3]. In disease models, increased COX-2 expression is associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and multiple cancer types, supporting its central role in inflammation-driven pathophysiology and tumor progression[1][2]. Compared with related isoforms, COX-2 contains a larger and more flexible substrate-binding channel that enables distinct inhibitor selectivity and broader fatty-acid utilization[1][4]. Therefore, selective and non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain important experimental tools for dissecting prostaglandin-dependent signaling pathways, while COX-2-selective inhibitors have been widely used to investigate inflammatory mechanisms and disease-associated prostanoid production[1][2][4].
References:
- [1]. Faki Y, et al. Different Chemical Structures and Physiological/Pathological Roles of Cyclooxygenases. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2021 Jan 19;12(1):e0003. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Joanne P, et al. Lipid reorganization induced by membrane-active peptides probed using differential scanning calorimetry. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Sep;1788(9):1772-81. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Cyclooxygenase in sciencedirect topic.
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COX Related Products (740)
Related Products (740)
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4',5-Dihydroxy Diclofenac-13C6
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-137222SCAS No.: 1309283-30-44',5-Dihydroxy Diclofenac-13C6 is a deuterated derivative of Diclofenac (HY-15036). Diclofenac is a potent COX inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity.
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Choline fenofibrate (Standard)
0 ImagesSynonyms: ABT-335 (Standard)Choline Fenofibrate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Choline Fenofibrate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Choline Fenofibrate (ABT-335), a choline salt of Fenofibric acid (HY-B0760), releases free Fenofibric acid in the gastrointestinal tract. Fenofibric acid is a PPAR activator with antihyperlipidemic effect.
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Tepoxalin (Standard)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-13219RCAS No.: 103475-41-8Tepoxalin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tepoxalin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tepoxalin is a dual inhibitor of COX and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) with potent anti-inflammatory activity and a favorable gastrointestinal profile.
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Polmacoxib (Standard)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-16726RCAS No.: 301692-76-2Synonyms: CG100649 (Standard)Polmacoxib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Polmacoxib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Polmacoxib (CG100649) is a first-in-class, orally active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) which is a dual inhibitor of COX-2 (IC50 around 0.1 μg/ml) and carbonic anhydrase. Polmacoxib inhibits colorectal adenoma and tumor growth in mouse models.
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Kuwanon T
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N10375CAS No.: 100187-66-4Kuwanon T is an isoprenylated flavonoid compound isolated from the root bark of Morus alba. Kuwanon T shows protective effects on t-BHP-induced oxidative stress with a EC50 of 30.32 μM.
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Firocoxib-d4
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-14670SCAS No.: 1325700-11-5Firocoxib-d4 (ML 1785713-d4) is the deuterium labeled Firocoxib. Firocoxib (ML 1785713) is a potent, selective and orally active COX-2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.13 μM. Firocoxib shows 58-fold more selective for COX-2 than COX-1 (IC50 of 7.5 μM). Firocoxib has anti-inflammatory effects.
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AL-8417
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-117368CAS No.: 180472-20-2Synonyms: (2R)-AL-5898AL-8417 ((2R)-AL-5898) is a potent inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase (COX), with IC50 of 120 μM, that plays an important role in inflammatory response.
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Phenylbutazone (Standard)
0 ImagesPhenylbutazone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenylbutazone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenylbutazone is an efficient reducing cofactor for the peroxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS). Phenylbutazone, a hepatotoxin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID). Phenylbutazone induces muscle blind-like protein 1 (MBNL1) expression and has the potential for ankylosing spondylitis research.
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α-Chaconine (Standard)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-129113RCAS No.: 20562-03-2α-Chaconine (Standard) is the analytical standard of α-Chaconine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. α-Chaconine inhibits the expressions of COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α at the transcriptional level. α-Chaconine inhibits the LPS-induced expressions of iNOS and COX-2 at the protein and mRNA levels and their promoter activities in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Anti-inflammatory effects.
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Tolmetin-d3
0 ImagesTolmetin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Tolmetin. Tolmetin is an orally active and potent COX inhibitor with IC50s of 0.35 μM and 0.82 μM human COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Tolmetin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
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Amfenac ethyl ester
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-183918CAS No.: 61941-57-9Amfenac ethyl ester is an orally active cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Amfenac ethyl ester exhibits antiinflammatory activity in rodent models. Amfenac ethyl ester can be used for the research of inflammation.
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Celecoxib carboxylic acid (Standard)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-134234RCAS No.: 170571-01-4
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Hydralazine hydrochloride (Standard)
0 ImagesHydralazine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hydralazine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hydralazine hydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable DNA methyltransferase inhibitor with vasodilatory, arterial smooth muscle relaxant and hypotensive activities. Hydralazine hydrochloride reactivates silenced tumor suppressor genes via mediating DNA demethylation, while exerting neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Hydralazine hydrochloride inhibits NOS-2 (iNOS) and COX-2, and reduces the production of NO and PGEE2; meanwhile, Hydralazine hydrochloride scavenges reactive oxygen species and inhibits macrophage activation. Hydralazine hydrochloride alleviates motor dysfunction, neuropathic inflammatory pain, and formalin-induced somatic and emotional pain responses. In addition, Hydralazine hydrochloride directly induces DNA strand breaks and sister chromatid exchange, exhibiting certain mutagenic characteristics. Hydralazine hydrochloride has been widely used in studies on hypertension, various cancers (such as cervical cancer, leukemia), spinal cord injury and the mechanisms of inflammatory pain.
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Vedaprofen-d3
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-118827SCAS No.: 1185054-34-5Synonyms: Quadrisol-d3; CERM 10202-d3; PM 150-d3Vedaprofen-d3 is the deuterium labeled Vedaprofen. Vedaprofen (Quadrisol) is a COX-1 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) for serum TxB2 and exudate PGE2 inhibition . Vedaprofen is a Escherichia coli (E. coli) sliding clamp (SC) inhibitor with the IC50 of 222 μM.
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Harmaline analog
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-149460CAS No.: 2411677-02-4Harmaline analog (compound 3) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.145 μM.
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β-Carotene-15,15'-epoxide
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N15378CAS No.: 132541-62-9β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide is a XIAP antagonist with apoptosis-inducing and antitumor activity, found in the leaves of Spondias mombin. In a DMBA (HY-W011845)-induced rat model of breast cancer, β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide binds to the BIR3 domain of the anti-apoptotic protein XIAP, blocking its interaction with caspase-9 and thereby promoting tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide significantly downregulates the expression of BCL-2, COX-2, and TNF-α in tumor tissues, reduces MDA levels, increases catalase activity, and modulates serum levels of LDH, ALP, and ALT, demonstrating strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic protective effects. β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide may be used in research on inflammation-related conditions and cancers such as breast cancer.
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Licofelone (Standard)
0 ImagesSynonyms: ML-3000 (Standard)Licofelone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Licofelone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Licofelone (ML-3000) is a dual COX/5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor (IC50=0.21/0.18 μM, respectively) for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Licofelone exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects. Licofelone induces apoptosis, and decreases the production of proinflammatory leukotrienes and prostaglandins.
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Ibufenac (Standard)
0 ImagesSynonyms: Dytransin (Standard)Ibufenac (Dytransin) is an orally active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Ibufenac exerts anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Ibufenac is being studied for the treatment of rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Metyrosine (Standard)
0 ImagesMetyrosine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Metyrosine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Metyrosine is a selective tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme inhibitor. Metyrosine exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerative effects. Metyrosine significantly inhibits high COX-2 activity. Metyrosine is a very effective agent for blood pressure control.
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Harpagoside (Standard)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N0396RCAS No.: 19210-12-9Harpagoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Harpagoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Harpagoside can be obtained by Harpagophytum procumbens, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, protective activity, and efficacy. Harpagoside has an inhibitory effect on COX-1 and COX-2 active, and suppresses NO production. Harpagoside inhibits HepG2 cell lipid polysaccharide, which is a protein that is expressed horizontally and selectively, and has anti-inflammatory and latent pain effects. Harpagoside has the ability to protect the body, and has a degenerative effect on the β-oxidation (Aβ).
