Exosomes Inducer

Tunicamycin is a mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotic that inhibits N-linked glycosylation and blocks GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT). Tunicamycin causes accumulation of unfolded proteins in cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induces ER stress, and causes blocking of DNA synthesis and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Tunicamycin inhibits gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and viruses and has anti-cancer activity.Tunicamycin increases exosome release in cervical cancer cells.

Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (5'-GTP) trisodium salt is a G protein (G proteins) signaling activator and a high-energy precursor in the biosynthesis of nucleotide units in DNA and RNA. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt can promote myogenic cell differentiation by upregulating miRNA (miR133a, miR133b) and myogenic regulatory factor expression, and by inducing human myogenic precursor cells to release exosomes containing guanosine molecules. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt holds promise for research in biosynthesis and skeletal muscle regeneration.

Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (5'-GTP) trisodium salt is a G protein (G proteins) signaling activator and a high-energy precursor in the biosynthesis of nucleotide units in DNA and RNA. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt can promote myogenic cell differentiation by upregulating miRNA (miR133a, miR133b) and myogenic regulatory factor expression, and by inducing human myogenic precursor cells to release exosomes containing guanosine molecules. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium salt holds promise for research in biosynthesis and skeletal muscle regeneration.

Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (5'-GTP) trisodium salt hydrate is a G protein (G proteins) signaling activator and a high-energy precursor in the biosynthesis of nucleotide units in DNA and RNA. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate can promote myogenic cell differentiation by upregulating miRNA (miR133a, miR133b) and myogenic regulatory factor expression, and by inducing human myogenic precursor cells to release exosomes containing guanosine molecules. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate holds promise for research in biosynthesis and skeletal muscle regeneration.

GALA is a pH-responsive amphipathic peptide consisting of 30 amino acids, which acts as a lung endothelium-targeting ligand. GALA undergoes a conformational transition from random coil to α-helix in an acidic environment at pH 5.0, thereby inducing endosomal membrane destabilization and fusion. GALA-modified liposomes traverse lung endothelial cells via clathrin-dependent endocytosis and transcytosis, and specifically accumulate in the lungs after intravenous injection. GALA significantly promotes the cytosolic release of cargos carried by exosomes, plasmids and liposomes, effectively enhances gene transfection efficiency, and drives gene knockdown of functional macromolecules (such as siRNA) in alveolar epithelial cells (with no significant cytotoxicity at effective concentrations). GALA serves as a critical tool for studies on lung cancer metastasis (e.g., melanoma lung metastasis) and lung-targeted drug delivery systems.

WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW is a cardiomyocyte-targeting peptide that specifically recognizes tenascin X on the surface of cardiomyocytes. WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW can serve as a targeting ligand to conjugate with various therapeutic carriers (drugs, genes, exosomes, nanoparticles, etc.) for research on cardiovascular diseases (such as myocardial infarction, heart failure).

WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW TFA is a cardiomyocyte-targeting peptide that specifically recognizes tenascin X on the surface of cardiomyocytes. WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW TFA can serve as a targeting ligand to conjugate with various therapeutic carriers (drugs, genes, exosomes, nanoparticles, etc.) for research on cardiovascular diseases (such as myocardial infarction, heart failure).

Cambinol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cambinol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cambinol is a SIRT1 and SIRT2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 56 μM and 59 μM, respectively. Cambinol is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).

(R)-Lansoprazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of (R)-Lansoprazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (R)-Lansoprazole is the R enantiomer of Lansoprazole, Lansoprazole (AG 1749) is an orally active proton pump inhibitor which prevents the stomach from producing acid. Lansoprazole (AG 1749) is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).

Guanosine triphosphate tritris (GTP tritris) serves as a vital enhancer of myogenic cell differentiation and plays a critical role in modulating miRNA-myogenic regulator factors. It also facilitates the release of exosomes enriched with guanosine and guanosine-derived molecules, and is regarded as an activated precursor for RNA synthesis. In mitochondrial function, GTP participates in the import of proteins into the matrix, which is essential for various regulated pathways, and is involved in initiating peptide synthesis through the binding of formylmethionyl-tRNA to the ribosome, as well as polypeptide chain elongation. Additionally, GTP acts as a phosphate and pyrophosphate carrier that channels chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. It activates signal transducing G proteins that regulate cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation, and its hydrolysis by small GTPases, including Ras and Rho, is integral to both proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, the small GTPase Rab is instrumental in vesicle docking, fusion, and formation. Beyond signal transduction, GTP is an energy-rich precursor in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.